Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(3): May 2019 101 are the limes (Tilia × hispánica, Tilia tomen- tosa, and Tilia × euchlora), magnolias (Mag- nolia grandiflora), white poplars (Populus alba and Populus alba “Pyramidalis”) and London planes (Platanus × hispánica). Around the lake are bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and maidenhair trees (Ginkgo biloba). The pond named as the “great lake” has a surface area of 6,600 m2 the park, followed by that of the waterfall with approximately 2,000 m2 Figure 1. Aerial image of the city of Barcelona with the location of Ciutadella Park (Source: Google Maps. Imágenes ©2018 Google, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, TerraMetrics). , being the largest water sheet in . The park’s plan is quasi-rectangular. In the area of the park where measurements have been made, it is possible to distinguish the following surface types, excluding the zoo: paved surface made of asphalt (4.3%), build- ings (12.0%), dense tree cover over natural ground with grass (39.2%), disperse tree cover over natural ground with grass (24.5%), and water sheets (5.9%) (Figure 2). As can be seen in Figure 2, some wide paths cross the park (14.2%). These are light-colored, dirt paths. Measurements The field work is summarized in Table 1. As it is well known, the technique of ther- mal transects consists of crossing the study area (the park) from a point of the periphery (the built space that surrounds the park) to an opposite one, recording temperatures. In pre- viously selected points, air temperature (and sometimes air humidity) is recorded. The transect can be seen in Figure 2. It begins outside the park to the north. After enter- ing into the park it describes a zigzag path and leaves out of the park by the southeast. The observation points inside the park have been distributed covering the different types of sur- faces. Some points have been added outside the park to evaluate the urban cool island. The instrument, a digital thermo-hygrometer, Figure 2. Surface types of Ciutadella Park and transect with measurements points (Source: Cartographic base ©Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya). has an environmental sensor. The measure- ments have to be taken with the sensor in motion or with the observer running, to guar- antee an air flow through the sensor. The timetable of the measurements was in the pre- vious hour of the closure of the park, at 20:00 (UTC), approximately 2 hours after sunset. The comparison of extreme values recorded can be considered the intensity of the cooling ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2019
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