144 SjÖman et al.: Host Trees for Wood-Boring Pests: An Urban Forest Perspective species with devastating biological and economic consequences. For example, Nowak et al. (2001) used tree inventories to estimate potential mon- etary losses resulting from ALB in nine cities in the United States and reported an estimated loss of approximately 1.2 billion trees, at a compensatory value of USD $669 billion. To combat pests such as the longhorned beetle, providing a large diversity of tree species and genera is argued to be one of the most important solutions. Therefore, it is essential, in the long-term planning of the urban treescape, to use tree species and genera that face a minimal risk of being attacked by these two wood-boring pests. The aim of this study was to create an up-to- date compilation of the tree species that ALB and CLB attack and use as hosts for a complete life cycle or for feeding. A systematic literature sur- vey (Wright et al. 2007) was conducted to identify relevant in terms of origin, method used, and any weak- nesses and limitations in the information provided. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biology and Distribution of the Longhorned Beetles To understand the information presented in the re- view and the following discussion, it is important to understand the biology and distribution of the two longhorned beetle species. The native range of ALB includes China and Korea, while that of CLB also includes Japan with occasional records from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam (Lingafelter and Hoebeke 2002). The life cycles of ALB and CLB are similar and well de- scribed (Haack et al. 2010). Adult beetles undergo a one- to two-week period of maturation, feeding on foliage and tender bark on the twigs of host trees before beginning to reproduce (Keena 2002; Smith et al. 2002). The females of ALB chew slits or funnel-shaped holes through the bark of host trees and lay their eggs under the bark, while CLB females only chew slits before laying the eggs. Only a single egg is laid in each oviposition site (Lin- gafelter and Hoebeke 2002; Hérard et al. 2006). ALBs typically initiates oviposition along the upper trunk and main branches (Haack, 2006), whereas CLBs usually lay eggs along the lower trunk, root collar region, and on exposed roots (Hérard et ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture al. 2006). Larvae feed in the cambium and then bore into the wood, where they continue to feed, eventually forming a pupal chamber. Larval bor- ing produces structural weakness and disrupts the flow of water and nutrients within host trees, leading to death of branches and ultimately whole trees. Adult feeding on twigs and foliage is con- sidered of minor importance, except occasionally on fruit-bearing trees. Most damage results from larval tunneling in the cambial regions and wood. Both species attack healthy and stressed trees, varying in size from small bonsai and potted trees (especially CLB) to mature trees (Haack et al. 2010). Outside their native range, both ALBs and CLBs species and the findings were assessed have caused tree mortality and are ranked as high- risk quarantine pests (MacLeod et al. 2002). Both ALB and CLB have been intercepted in wood pack- aging material associated with imports, such as steel, ironware, pottery, and other materials, as well as in living plants, such as bonsai or nursery stocks originating primarily from China. The main intro- duction of ALB into new regions has been through wood packaging material, while CLB has mainly been introduced through living plants (Haack et al. 2010). The first discovery of an established population of ALB outside of its native range was in North America in 1996 (Haack et al. 1997), and that of CLB in Europe in 2000 (Hérard et al. 2006). Host Tree Review The literature reviewed to find information con- cerning host trees for ALB and CLB included sci- entific articles and official documents concerning invasive pests. The search included the Google Scholar, Scopus, and CAB abstract databases (ISI Web of Knowledge), and the reference lists within the publications found in these databases. In the initial search in the databases, the search terms used were: Asian longhorn beetle, citrus longhorn beetle, ALB, CLB, Anoplophora glabripennis, and Anoplophora chinensis. Since Anoplophora mala- siaca is argued to be a synonym of A. chinensis (Lingafelter and Hoebeke 2002), researchers also included this name in the search. In the compilation of literature, the search was limited to publications written in English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, and Italian. For publica- tions written in Chinese and Japanese with an ab- stract in English, only the abstract was included.
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