110 Cullen: Trees and Wind—Drag Equation Velocity Exponent •Procedurally, estimation of drag (FWIND using the conventional V2 the conventional V2 . •Procedurally, V2 dards for estimating FWIND •Procedurally, V2 is conventional in engineering stan- , which may be applicable to tree risk management. Design wind velocities specified in these standards are likewise determined using V2 is conventional in the arrangement of . terms known as “dynamic pressure” (q), which may be specified in building codes or engineering standards that may be applied to tree risk management. LITERATURE CITED Alben, S., M. Shelley, and J. Zhang. 2002. Drag reduction through self-similar bending of a flexible body. Nature 420:479-481. www.math.nyu.edu/faculty/shelley/ papers/ASZ2002.pdf (accessed 1/3/05). ———. 2004. How flexibility induces streamlining in a two-dimensional flow. Physics of Fluids 16(5):1694– 1713. math.nyu.edu/faculty/shelley/papers/ ASZ2004.pdf (accessed 1/3/05). Alaoui, A.S., G. Foret, and H. Bossuat. 1999. Wind stability analysis of urban trees (Analyse de la stabilité au vent des arbres), pp. 279–287. In Lemattre, M., P. Lemattre, and F. Lemaire (Eds.). Proceedings of an International Symposium on Urban Tree Health, Paris, 22–26 Sept. 1997, Acta Horticulturae 496. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). 1999. Wind loads, chapter 6. In Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-98). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. 330 pp. ———. 2003. Wind loads, chapter 6. In Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (SEI-ASCE 7- 02). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. Babitsky, S. 2004. Report writing: Stating your opinions and conclusions in a defensible manner. Arboric. Consult., Summer:6–7. Baker, C.J. 1995. The development of a theoretical model for the windthrow of plants. J. Theoret. Biol. 175:355– 372. Baker, C.J., and H.J. Bell. 1992. Aerodynamics of urban trees. J. Wind Eng. Indus. Aerodyn. 44(4):2655–2666. Bell, H.J., A.R. Dawson, C.J. Baker, and C.J. Wright. 1990. Tree stability (paper 13), pp. 94–101. In Bulletin 97, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland. Benson, T. 2001a. Beginner’s guide to aerodynamics: Bernoulli’s equation. In Learning Technologies Project (LTP). NASA, John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH. www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/ airplane/bern.html (accessed 1/3/05). © International Society of Arboriculture equation requires the use of a drag coefficient (CD from reference data. Such CD ) using the drag ) data are typically derived which requires their use with ———. 2001b. Beginner’s guide to aerodynamics: The drag coefficient. In Learning Technologies Project (LTP). NASA, John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH. www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/dragco.html (accessed 1/3/05). ———. 2001c. Beginner’s guide to aerodynamics: Newton’s laws of motion. In Learning Technologies Project (LTP). NASA, John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH. www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/newton.html (accessed 1/3/05). ———. 2001d. Beginner’s guide to aerodynamics: The drag equation. In Learning Technologies Project (LTP). NASA, John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH. www.grc. nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/drageq.html (accessed 1/3/05). Bonser, R.C.H. 2001. Personal communication. Bonser, R.C.H., and A.R. Ennos, 1998. Drag reconfiguration in seedling and mature larch, Larix europea × L. japonica. Abstract of unpublished paper, The Society for Experimental Biology Annual Meeting, 22–27 Mar. 1998, University of York. Brudi, E. 2004. A new approach to tree safety assessment. Presentation at annual conference of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, 2 Dec. 2004, Phildelphia, PA. Brudi, E., and P. van Wassenaer. 2002. Trees and statics: Nondestructive failure analysis. In Smiley, E.T., and K.D. Coder (Eds.). Proceedings of the Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference, 14–16 Oct. 2002. Savannah, GA. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. www.tree-consult.org/images/pdf/eng/ brudi_trees_and_ statics.pdf (accessed 1/3/05). Coder, K.D. 1996. Tree Risk Management and Hazard Assessment: A General Overview. University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension Publication FOR 96-033. ———. 2000. Tree Biomechanics Series. University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Extension Publications FOR00-13 to 32 (index at warnell. forestry.uga.edu/warnell/service/library/index. php3?docID=413&docHistory%5B%5D=2 (accessed 1/4/05). Coutts, M.P., and J.Grace (Eds.). 1995 Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 501 pp. Cullen, S. 2002a. Guying a large tree: Decision making and design (the Bedford protocol), pp. 139–155. In Smiley, E.T., and K.D. Coder (Eds.). Proceedings of the Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference, 14–16 Oct. 2002. Savannah, GA. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. ———. 2002b. Trees and wind: A bibliography for tree care professionals. J. Arboric. 28(1):41–51. www.treelink.org/joa/2002/jan/06Cullen.pdf (accessed 1/3/05).
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