Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(1): January 2016 this literature review to understand the mechanics and physiological processes of branching, and to aid in distinguishing where more research is necessary. Acknowledgments. This review was funded by a grant to A.M.A and M.E.D by the International Society of Arboriculture. We thank the International Society of Arboriculture and Wes Kocher for their support and input. LITERATURE CITED Alvarado-Raya, H., J. Rodriguez-Alcázar, G. Calderón-Zavala, and E. Cárdenas-Soriana. 2000. Thidiazuron, flower budbreak and ovary dimensions in Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina L.) ‘Shiro’. Agrociencia 34:321–327. Andres, H., B. Fernandez, R. Rodriguez, and A. Rodriguez. 2002. Phytohormone contents in Corylus avellana and their relation- ship to age and other developmental processes. Plant Cell, Tis- sue, and Organ Culture 70:173–180. Autio, A. 2013. Age-related Changes of Plasticity in Photosynthet- ic Pigments, Nitrogen, and the Influence of Phytohormones. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Baker, J.A. 2001. Plant Growth Regulators: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. NC State University. Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S. Bangerth, F., C.J. Li, and J. Gruber. 2000. Mutual interaction of auxin and cytokinins in regulating correlative dominance. Plant Growth Regulation 32:205–217. Banko, T.J., and M.A. Stefani. 2007. Cyclanilide promotes lateral branching in nursery production of woody landscape spe- cies. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25:215. Bishopp, A., A.P. Mahonen, and Y. Helariutta. 2006. Signs of change: Hormone receptors that regulate plant development. Develop- ment 133:1857–1869. Boonman, A., E. Prinsen, F. Gilmer, U. Schurr, A.J.M. Peeters, L.A.C.J. Voesenek, and T.L. Pons. 2007. Cytokinin import rate as a signal for photosynthetic acclimation to canopy light gradi- ents. Plant Physiology 143:1841–1852 Buban, T. 2000. The use of benzyladenine in orchard fruit growing: A mini review. Plant Growth Regulation 32:381–390. Canal, M.J., H. Fernandez, P. Fernandez, M.L. Centano, and B. Fer- nandez. 2000. Uptake and metabolism of 6-benzyladenine in ventilated cultures of kiwifruit plants. Plant Growth Regulation 30(3):209–204. Carabelli, M., M. Possenti, G. Sessa, A. Ciolfi, M. Sassi, G. Morelli, and I. Ruberti. 2007. Canopy shade causes a rapid and transient arrest in leaf development through auxin-induced cytokinin oxidase activity. Genes & Development 21(15):1863–1868. Carey, Jr., D. 2008. The effects of benzyladenine on ornamental crops. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Caro- lina, U.S. Cline, J.A., and M. Bijl. 2002. Diurnal spray timing does not affect the thinning of apples with carbaryl, benzyladenine, and napthaleneacetic acid. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82(2):437–441. Cline, M.G. 1991. The role of hormones in apical dominance: New approaches to an old problem in plant development. Physiologia Plantarum 90:230–237. Cline, M.G., and C.A. Harrington. 2006. Apical dominance and apical control in multiple flushing of temperate woody spe- cies. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(1):74–83. 11 Cline, M.G., and K. Dong-Il. 2002. A preliminary investigation of the role of auxin and cytokinin in sylleptic branching of three hybrid poplar clones exhibiting contrasting degrees of sylleptic branching. Annals of Botany 90:417–421. Cortleven, A., and R. Valcke. 2012. Evaluation of the photosynthetic activity in transgenic tobacco plants with altered endogenous cytokinin content: Lessons from cytokinin. Physiologia Planta- rum 144(4):394–408. Costa, C., P.J. Stassen, and J. Mudzunga. 2004. Chemical rest break- ing agents for the South African pome and stone fruit industry. Acta Horticulturae 636:295–302. Cruz-Castillo, J.G., D.J. Wooley, and G.S. Lawes. 1999. Effects of CPPU and other plant growth regulators on fruit development in kiwifruit. Acta Horticulturae 498:173–178. Davies, P.J. 2004. Regulatory factors in hormone action: Level, loca- tion and signal transduction. In: P.J. Davies (Ed.). Regulatory factors in hormone action: Level, location and signal transduc- tion. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, U.S. Day, M.E., and M.S. Greenwood. 2011. Regulation of ontogeny in temperate conifers. pp. 91–120. In: F.C. Meinzer, T. Dawson, and B. Lachenbruch (Eds.). Size- and Age-related Changes in Tree Structure and Function. Volume in Springer Tree Physiology Series, Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, U.S. Durbak, A., H. Yao, and P. McSteen. 2012. Hormone signaling in plant development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 15(1):92–6. Elfving, D.C., and D.B. Visser. 2005. Cyclanilide induces lateral branching in apple trees. HortScience 40(1):119–122. Elfving, D.C., and D.B. Visser. 2006. Cyclanilide induces lateral branching in sweet cherry trees. HortScience 41(1):149–153. Frewen, B.E., T.H. Chen, G.T. Howe, J. Davis, A. Rohde, W. Boerjan, and H.D. Bradshaw, Jr. 2000. Quantitative trait loci and candi- date gene mapping of bud set and bud flush in Populus. Genetics 154:837–845. Funnell, K.A., and R.D. Heins. 1998. Plant growth regulators reduce postproduction leaf yellowing of potted asiflorum lilies. Hort- Science 33(6):1036–1037. Greenwood, M.S., M.H. Ward, M.E. Day, S.A. Adams, and B.J. Bond. 2008. Age-related trends in red spruce foliar plasticity in relation to declining productivity. Tree Physiology 28:255–232. Harrison, S., B. Druebbisch, and P. Ewan. 2014. U.S. Patent No. 8,629,083. Washington, D.C., U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.E. Davies, and R. Geneve. 2001. Plant propagation: Principles and Practices, seventh edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S. 880 pp. Hayward, A., P. Stirnberg, C. Beveridge, and O. Leyser. 2009. In- teractions between auxin and strigolactone in shoot branching control. Plant Physiology 151:400–412. Hrotkó, K., L. Magyar, and B. Öri. 1999. Improved feathering on one-year-old ‘Germersdorfi FL 45’ sweet cherry trees in the nursery. Gartenbauwissenschaſt 64(2):75–78. Humphries, E.C., and A.W. Wheeler. 1963. The physiology of leaf growth.Annual Review of Plant Physiology 14(1):385–410. Juvany, M., M. Müller, and S. Munné-Bosch. 2013. Plant age-related changes in cytokinins, leaf growth and pigment accumulation in juvenile mastic trees. Environmental and Experimental Botany 87:10–18. Kong, L., S.R. Abrams, S.J. Owen, A. Van Niejenhuis, and P. Von Aderkas. 2009. Dynamic changes in concentrations of auxin, cytokinin, ABA and selected metabolites in multiple genotypes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) during a growing season. Tree physiology 29(2):183–190. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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