Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(1): January 2016 CONCLUSIONS The Linear Index of Tree Appraisal model presented here uses tree cross-sectional area to extrapolate from a band of known prices to a base price for any desired tree size, which can then be adjusted using an appropriate factor depending on the vitality/ damage of the tree. It provides a simple method for determining the replacement cost of urban trees and is thus designed to work where soſt values are sometimes difficult to justify. It is thus a good com- promise between simplicity and accurately describ- ing the change in tree price. The LITA model is easy to use, easy to update, does not have any limitations concerning tree species or sizes, and does not rely on subjective judgments except in assessing damage. LITERATURE CITED Alcamo, J., R. Hassan, and E. Bennett. 2003. Ecosystems and hu- man well-being: A framework for assessment/Millennium Eco- system Assessment. J. Alcamo (Ed.). Washington, D.C. Aldén, B., and S. 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Journal of Arboriculture 28(3):153–158. Cullen, S. 2007. Putting a value on trees—CTLA guidance and methods. Arboricultural Journal 30(1):21–43. Dimoudi, A., and M. Nikolopoulou. 2003. Vegetation in the urban environment: Microclimatic analysis and benefits. Energy and Buildings 35(1):69–76. Dwyer, J.F., E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, and R. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 5(18):227–234. Flook, R. 1996. A Standard Tree Evaluation Method: STEM. Glaeser, C.W. 2010. The preservation and protection of urban trees: Lessons from the field from the city of New York. pp. 1063–1068. G. Prosdocimi, and A. Chiusoli (Eds.). Acta Horticulturae. Hegedüs, A., M. Gaál, and R. Bérces. 2011. Tree appraisal methods and their application—First results in one of Budapest’s districts. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 9(4):411–423. 29 Helliwell, R. 1967. The amenity value of trees and woodlands. The Arboricultural Association Journal 1:128–131. Helliwell, R. 2000. Amenity Valuation of Trees and Woodlands. R. Helliwell (Ed.). Arboricultural Association, Romsey, Hants, United Kingdom. Helliwell, R. 2008. Amenity valuation of trees and woodlands. Arboricultural Journal 31(3):161–168. i-Tree. 2012. i-Tree soſtware. Kinnard, W.M. 1971. Income Property Valuation, Lexington. KP-Kallyl. 2012. KP System (KP systems). Kuchelmeister, G. 2000. Trees for the urban millennium: Urban for- estry update. Unasylva 200(51):49–55. Lämna v Tellstig. 2008. Case T5163-07. District Court. Sweden. Lämna v Tellstig. 2010. Case T8226-08. Court of Appeals. Sweden. Lewis, C.E. 1970. Shade Tree Evaluation, Revision II. In: C.E. Lewis (Ed.). International Shade Tree Conference Urbana, Illinois, U.S. McMillan, R.C. 1964. The value of trees in the modern landscape. Trees 25(4):6–9. McPherson, E.G., and P.P. Peper. 1996. Costs of street tree damage to infrastructure. Arboricultural Journal 20(2):143–160. McPherson, E.G., D. Nowak, G. Heisler, S. Grimmond, C. Souch, R. Grant, and R. Rowntree. 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago urban forest climate project. Urban Ecosystems 1(1):49–61. Moore, G.M. 1992. Amenity Tree Evaluation: A Revised Method. In: The Scientific Management of Plants in the Urban Environ- ment, Burnley Centenary Conference, Centre for Urban Horti- culture, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 166–171. Nowak, D., D.E. Crane, and J.F. Dwyer. 2002. Compensatory value of urban trees in the united states. Journal of Arboriculture 28(4):194–199. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.C. Stevens. 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 4(3–4):115–123. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, R.E. Hoehn, J.T. Walton, and J. Bond. 2008. A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(6):347–358. Nowak, D.J., J.E. Pasek, R.A. Sequeira, D.E. Crane, and V.C. Mastro. 2001b. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 94(1):116–122. Nowak, D.J., M.H. Noble, S.M. Sisinni, and J.F. Dwyer. 2001a. People and trees—Assessing the U.S. urban forest resource. Journal of Forestry 99(3):37–42. Östberg, J., T. Delshammar, A.M. Fransson, and A.B. Nielsen. 2012. Standard för trädinventering i urban miljö (Standard for Tree inventories in urban environments). In: J. Östberg (Ed.). Department of Landscape Management, Design and Construc- tion, LTJ-faculty. LTJ-fakulteten, Alnarp, Sweden. Pohland v Värnamo municipality. 2012. Case T 3757-11. District Court. Sweden. Price, C. 1995. Economic evaluation of financial and non-financial costs and benefits in agroforestry development and the value of sustainability. Agroforestry Systems 30(1–2):75–86. Randrup, T.B. 2005. Development of a Danish model for plant appraisal. Journal of Arboriculture 31(3):114–123. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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