Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(1): January 2016 (Martin and Ingram 1988; Ruter 1993). How- ever, there appeared (not measured) to be many live white roots 1 to 2 mm diameter on the south side positioned about 3 cm behind the container wall; this could result in more roots growing into landscape soil from the south side once planted into landscape soil. High substrate temperatures are known to cause root death, especially on the sunnier, hotter container side (i.e., south and west side, in Northern Hemisphere, Ruter and Ingram 1992; Owen and Stoven 2008). Results may have been different if containers were turned in random directions as they were shifted to larger containers and not maintained in the same cardinal direction as was done throughout the current study. It is not clear if the root asymmetry generated by the current study’s conditions is a desirable or undesirable occurrence regarding anchorage. Also unclear is the potential differ- ent response had this study been performed on trees grafted or budded onto seedling root stock. CONCLUSIONS Shaving the root ball periphery when shiſting container-grown red maple to the next, larger size impacted root system architecture more so than the eight nursery container types tested. Shav- ing forced more woody roots to the edge of the #45 container in a more natural position instead of maintaining a deformed root structure inside the #3 and #15 container dimensions. Put another way, shaving nearly eliminated the “imprint” on the root system, caused by growing in a smaller container, without affecting growth in the nursery. However, shaving only reduced defects present at the edge of the pruned root ball, not those on the interior. No one container stood out as producing superior root architecture. Tree orientation in the nursery impacted root architecture resulting in more roots on the cooler northern side of the root ball. The impact of this container-induced asym- metry on health and anchorage remains untested. Acknowledgments. This project was supported by The Cool Ring™ Company, Lakeland, Florida, U.S.; Fanntum Products, Inc., States- ville, North Carolina, U.S.; Florida Nursery Growers and Landscape Association, Orlando, Florida, U.S.; Horticultural Research Insti- tute, Washington D.C., U.S.; Legacy Nursery Products, LLC, Palm City, Florida, U.S.; Root Control, Inc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.; and Nursery Supplies, Inc., Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. LITERATURE CITED Amoroso, G., P. Frangi, R. Piatti, F. Ferrini, A. Fini, and M. Faoro. 2010. Effect of container design on plant growth and root deformation of littleleaf linden and field elm. HortScience 45:1829–1829. Anonymous. 2014. American Standard for Nursery Stock. American Nursery Association, Washington D.C., U.S. Anonymous. 2015. Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, U.S. Arnold, M.A., and E. Young. 1991. CuCO3 -painted containers and root pruning affect apple and green ash root growth and cytoki- nin levels. HortScience 26:242–244. Arnold, M.A., and G.V. McDonald. 2009. Groundcovers, organic, and inorganic mulches, and masonry surfaces differentially affect establishment and root zone characteristics of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:232–240. Blanusa, T., E. Papadogiannakis, R. Tanner, and R.W.F. Cameron. 2007. Root pruning as a means to encourage root growth in two ornamental shrubs, Buddleja davidii ‘Summer Beauty’ and Cistus ‘Snow Fire’. Journal Horticultural Sciences and Biotech- nology 82:521–528. Danjon, F., T. Fourcaud, and D. Bert. 2005. Root architecture and wind-firmness of mature Pinus piaster. New Phytologist 168:387–400. Fare, D. 2005. Should potting depth be a concern for container trees? pp. 25–28. In: Proceedings of Trees and Planting: Getting the Roots Right Conference. November 10. The Morton Arbo- retum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. Gilman, E.F., and S. Lilly. 2008. Best Management Practices: Tree Pruning, second edition. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2008. Planting depth in containers affects root form and tree quality. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26:129–134. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2014. Root system morphology influences lateral stability of Swietenia mahagoni Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:27–35. Gilman, E.F., C. Harchick, and M. Paz. 2010a. Effect of container type on root form and growth of red maple. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 28:1–7. Gilman, E.F., C. Harchick, and C. Weise. 2009. Root pruning effects tree quality in container-grown oaks. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27:7–11. Gilman, E.F., J. Miesbauer, C. Harchick, and R.C. Beeson. 2013. Impact of tree size at planting, mulch and irrigation on Acer rubrum L. growth and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban For- estry 39:173–181. Gilman, E.F., and M. Paz. 2014. Root system morphology influ- enced by container design, retention time, and root pruning. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:16–26. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2010b. Root ball shaving improves root systems on seven tree species in containers. Jour- nal of Environmental Horticulture 28:13–18. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2015a. Nursery planting depth, mulch application, and root pruning at landscape plant- ing affect tree health and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41:75–87. 43 ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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