62 Turnquist et al.: An Examination of Soil Microbial Communities and Litter Decomposition RESULTS Soil Physical and Chemical Properties Land use had a significant effect on two physi- cal and seven chemical measurements. The bulk density of ST and NM were 45%–50% higher than FR (P < 0.001, Table 1). Soil organic matter in the ST and NM were 40% lower than OU and FR (P = 0.005, Table 1). Soil pH (P < 0.001), total N (P = 0.015), extractable K (P = 0.006), Mg (P < 0.001), Na (P < 0.001), and P (P = 0.026) (Table 2) were all significant. Soil pH decreased consistently from ST to FR (Table 2) where the ST and NM land uses differed from the other land uses. Conversely, total N and Mg increased from ST to FR and extractable Na was 230% or higher in ST than all other land uses (Table 2). The combined edaphic characteristics of the ST were most similar to NM, and were well separated from those of the OM, OU, and FR (Table 3; Figure 1). The remaining land-use comparisons were either overlapping, or not well separated. Table 1. Mean values ± standard error (n = 5) for physical properties of soils collected on May 17th and 18th, 2009 from: street side terraces (ST), new managed (NM), old managed (OM), old unmanaged (OU), and forest (FR) properties in metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. Variables with significant ANOVA (α = 0.05, n = 5) were analyzed with Duncan’s MRT; the differences among the land uses are indicated by lowercase letters. Land use ST NM OM OU FR Bulk density (g/cm3 ) 1.51 ± 0.03 a 1.41 ± 0.07 a 1.11 ± 0.03 b 1.09 ± 0.05 b 0.97 ± 0.08 b Soil organic matter (%LOI) 6 ± 0.6 a 6 ± 0.5 a 8 ± 0.4 ab 10 ± 1.0 b 10 ± 1.6 b CEC (mmol/kg) 207 ± 5.0 a 217 ± 5.8 a 211 ± 13.3 a 218 ± 16.2 a 199 ± 19.2 a Water at field capacity (%) 21 ± 1 a 23 ± 2 a 31 ± 3 a 28 ± 3 a 30 ± 4 a Sand (%) 39 ± 2 a 35 ± 5 a 28 ± 4 a 34 ± 31 a 35 ± 10 a Silt (%) 42 ± 1 a 43 ± 3 a 45 ± 7 a 43 ± 5 a 54 ± 6 a Clay (%) 20 ± 3 a 23 ± 2 a 28 ± 7 a 24 ± 5 a 11 ± 4 a Table 2. Mean values ± standard error (n = 5) for chemical properties of soils collected on 17 and May 2009 from: street side terraces (ST), new managed (NM), old managed (OM), old unmanaged (OU), and forest (FR) properties in metropoli- tan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. Variables with significant ANOVA (α = 0.05, n = 5) were analyzed with Duncan’s MRT; the differences among the land uses are indicated by lowercase letters. Land use ST NM OM OU FR pH (mg/kg) 8.3 ± 0.2 a 8.0 ± 0.0 ab 7.8 ± 0.1 bc 7.7 ± 0.1 cd 7.4 ± 0.1 d P (mg/kg) 1.7 ± 0.7 a 7.2 ± 0.7 a 4.3 ± 1.2 a 18.0 ± 7.1 b 6.2 ± 1.9 a Ca (mg/kg) 3365 ± 95 a 3441 ± 99 a 3228 ± 257 a 3328 ± 318 a 2966 ± 324 a K (mg/kg) 71 ± 9 c 112 ± 10 bc 137 ± 7 ab 162 ± 19 a 90 ± 27 bc Mg (mg/kg) 311 ± 16 a 484 ± 31 b 520 ± 14 bc 557 ± 30 bc 575 ± 29 c Na (mg/kg) 280 ± 62 a 66 ± 25 b 84 ± 47 b 38 ± 13 b 41 ± 10 b C (g/100g) 5.0 ± 0.3 a 4.4 ± 0.6 a 4.2 ± 0.5 a 4.9 ± 0.7 a 4.1 ± 0.7 a N (g/100g) 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.18 ± 0.02 a 0.23 ± 0.03 ab 0.34 ± 0.05 b 0.33 ± 0.06 b Table 3. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) of edaphic properties, bacterial (B1, B2, B3) and fungal (F1, F2, F3) communi- ties, and total microbial community lipids between different soils collected on 17 and 18 May 2009 from: street side terraces (ST), new managed (NM), old managed (OM), old unmanaged (OU), and forest (FR) properties in metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. The global R values (999 permutations) are given with the edaphic character, each bacterial community, each fungal community, and total microbial lipid community. Each R value is presented for both the global and pairwise sections. High R values indicate a greater degree of land-use separation. Land uses with R values <0.5 are considered not separated, R values between 0.5 and 0.7 are overlapping, and R values over 0.7 are well separated. Global R (P-value) NM, OU Edaphic 0.417 (0.001) NM, OM 0.228 (0.056) NM, FR NM, ST 0.392 (0.008) 0.564 (0.008) OU, OM 0.016 (0.381) OU, FR OU, ST OM, FR OM, ST FR, ST 0.540 (0.008) 0.036 (0.365) 0.812 (0.008) 0.200 (0.063) 0.812 (0.008) 0.764 (0.008) B1 0.461 (0.001) 0.292 (0.008) 0.828 (0.008) 0.848 (0.008) 0.431 (0.016) 0.280 (0.040) 0.248 (0.056) 0.213 (0.087) 0.764 (0.008) 0.631 (0.008) 0.606 (0.008) B2 0.439 (0.001) 0.113 (0.222) 0.750 (0.008) 0.763 (0.008) 0.281 (0.057) 0.400 (0.008) 0.408 (0.008) 0.156 (0.190) 0.892 (0.008) 0.538 (0.008) 0.594 (0.008) B3 0.269 (0.001) 0.068 (0.286) 0.340 (0.048) 0.576 (0.008) 0.275 (0.071) 0.052 (0.317) 0.288 (0.016) 0.138 (0.238) 0.160 (0.167) 0.431 (0.008) 0.506 (0.008) F1 0.371 (0.001) 0.500 (0.008) 0.836 (0.008) 0.772 (0.008) 0.650 (0.008) -0.044 (0.563) -0.040 (0.611) 0.119 (0.214) 0.200 (0.087) 0.244 (0.079) 0.438 (0.008) F2 0.200 (0.001) -0.016 (0.595) 0.092 (0.167) 0.520 (0.008) 0.050 (0.365) 0.176 (0.040) 0.196 (0.063) 0.031 (0.397) 0.384 (0.024) 0.325 (0.048) 0.413 (0.016) F3 0.187 (0.014) 0.140 (0.183) 0.184 (0.095) 0.388 (0.016) -0.006 (0.468) -0.048 (0.603) 0.160 (0.159) 0.244 (0.103) 0.248 (0.048) 0.275 (0.040) 0.431 (0.056) Total lipids 0.359 (0.001) 0.213 (0.159) 0.325 (0.103) 0.513 (0.016) 0.169 (0.167) 0.420 (0.024) 0.348 (0.024) 0.468 (0.016) 0.136 (0.151) 0.556 (0.016) 0.680 (0.008) ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
January 2016
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