62 Martin et al.: Open-grown Crown Width Equations for Three Oak Species Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Dudley Hartel and Eric Kue- hler of the USDA Forest Service–Urban Forestry South office for their assistance and guidance during the duration of this project. We would also like to thank Jonathon Bartlett, Mark Caldwell, Andrew Parker, Elliot Glass, Ann Huyler, and Efrem Robbins for their assistance with data collection; James Ransom and Daniel Mullenix for their technical assistance; Dr. Raymond Kessler for statistical review and the Super- intendent of Landscape Services, Charlie Crawford for his assistance throughout the project. This project was funded in part by Auburn Uni- versity and the USDA Forest Service Co-op Agreement FS-SRS-09- CA-11330150-053. LITERATURE CITED deVries, R.E. 1987. A preliminary investigation of the growth and lon- gevity of trees in Central Park. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers Univer- sity, MS. 95 pp. Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Stipes Publishing, L.L.C., Champaign, Illinois, U.S.1187 pp. Ek, A.R. 1974. Dimensional Relationships of Forest and Open Grown Trees in Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, School of Natural Re- sources, Madison, Wisconsin. Forest Research Note 181. Fleming, L.E. 1988. Growth Estimates of Street Trees in Central New Jersey. M.Sc. thesis, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S. 143 pp. Frelich, L.E. 1992. Predicting Dimensional Relationships for Twin Cit- ies Shade Trees. University of Minnesota. Department of Forest Re- sources. St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. 33 pp. Hasenauer, H. 1997. Dimensional relationships of open-grown trees in Austria. Forest Ecology Management 96:197–206. i-Tree. 2010a. i-Tree Software Suite v3.1 User’s Manual. i-Tree. 2010b. UFORE Methods. i-Tree. 2010c. i-Tree: Tools for assessing and managing community for- ests. Krajicek, J.E., K.A. Brinkman, and S.F. Gingrich. 1961. Crown competi- tion - A measure of density. Forest Science 7:35–42. Lhotka, J.M., and E.F. Loewenstein. 2008. An Examination of Species- Specific Growing Space Utilization. Canadian Journal of Forest Re- search 38:470–479. Martin, N.A, A.H. Chappelka, G.J. Keever, and E.F Loewenstein. 2011. A 100% Tree Inventory Using i-Tree Eco Protocol: A Case Study at Auburn University, Alabama. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(5):207–212. Nowak, D.J. 1996. Estimating Leaf Area and Leaf Biomass of Open- Grown Deciduous Urban Trees. Forest Science 42:504–507. Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 1998. The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) Model: Quantifying Urban Forest Structure and Functions. Integrated Tools Proceedings. pp. 714–720. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, R.E. Hoehn, J.T. Walton, and J. Bond. 2008. A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:347–358. Figure 3. Residual plots created from field data collected during the Auburn University 100% tree inventory (2009–2010) for the predicted crown widths for the 20% subsamples for (a) overcup, (b) Nuttall, and (c) willow oak with predicted average crown width (m) against the residual values. Paine, D.P., and D.W. Hann. 1982. Maximum Crown-Width Equations for Southwestern Oregon Tree Species. Oregon State University, For- est Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. Research Paper 46. Peper, J.P., and E.G. McPherson. 2003. Evaluation of Four Methods for Estimating Leaf Area of Isolated Trees. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2:19–29. ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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