Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(2): March 2012 managers should be vigilant when treating boxwoods with imi- dacloprid. Plant health care technicians should prepare to inter- vene in the likely event that the abundance of spider mites on boxwoods and its associated injury will increase following an application of imidacloprid. Imidacloprid is one of the most frequently used insecticides in urban landscapes and with its long-lasting control of many pests of urban landscapes (Frank et al. 2007; Szczepaniec and Raupp 2007) it is likely to remain one of the leading insecticides. Additional research should fo- cus on the relationship between the dose of insecticide that does not compromise its efficacy against the insect pests while al- leviating the non-target effects on populations of spider mites. Acknowledgments. The authors are grate- ful to the Department of Landscape Services at the University of Maryland for providing the field site for this study. Two anonymous reviewers provided peer review of the manu- script and we thank them for their comments. Grants from the National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program of USDA 2005-00915, International Soci- ety of Arboriculture, TREE Fund, and Gahan and Bamford Fellowships supported this research. LITERATURE CITED Batdorf, L.R. 1994. Boxwood Handbook. American Boxwood Society, Boyce, Virginia, U.S. 123 pp. Chiriboga, A. 2009. Physiological responses of woody plants to imi- dacloprid formulations. M.Sc. thesis, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, U.S. 130 pp. d’Eustachio, G., and M.J. Raupp. 2001. Application of systemic insec- ticides in relation to boxwood leafminer’s life history. Journal of Arboriculture 27:255–262. Frank, S.D., R. Ahern, and M.J. Raupp. 2007. Does imidacloprid reduce defoliation by Japanese beetles on linden for more than one growing season? Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:392–396. Gagne, R. 1989. The Plant Feeding Gall Midges of North America. Com- stock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, U.S. 340 pp. Gill, S.A., J. Lutz, P.M. Shrewsbury, and S. Klick. 2002. Evaluation of the systemic insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam applied as soil applications for control of boxwood leafminer on boxwood, 2000–2001. Arthropod Management Tests. Gupta, G., and V.A. Krischik. 2007. Professional and consumer insec- insec- ticides for management of adult Japanese beetle on hybrid tea rose. Journal of Economic Entomology 100:830–837. Holmes, J.J., and J.A. Davidson. 1984. Integrated pest management for arborists: implementation of a pilot program. Journal of Arboriculture 10:65–70. Lehman, R. 1998. Spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi): An integrated approach to management. Regul. Hort. 190:23–26. 39 Raupp, M.J., R. Webb, A. Szczepaniec, D. Booth, and R. Ahern. 2004. Incidence, abundance and severity of mites on hemlocks following applications of imidacloprid. Journal of Arboriculture 30:108–113. Raupp, M.J., A. Szczepaniec, and A. Buckelew Cumming. 2008. Prophy- lactic pesticide applications and low species diversity: Do they create pest outbreaks in the urban forest? pp. 59–61. In: Proc. of the 18th USDA Interagency research forum on invasive species. Annapolis, Maryland, U.S. Raupp, M.J., P.M. Shrewsbury, and D.A. Herms. 2010. Ecology of arthropod outbreaks in urban landscapes. Annual Review of Entomol- ogy 55:19–38. Sadof, C.S., and C. Alexander. 1993. Limitations of cost benefit-based aesthetic injury levels for managing twospotted spider mites. Journal of Economic Entomology 86:1516–1521. Sadof, C.S., and M.J. Raupp. 1996. Aesthetic Thresholds and Their Development. pp. 203–226. In: L.G. Higley and L.P. Pedigo (Eds.). Economic Thresholds for Integrated Pest Management. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. Schread, J.C. 1970. Leaf miners and their control. Bulletin 693 of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. New Haven, Connecti- cut, U.S. 15 pp. Sclar, D.C., D. Gerace, and W.S. Cranshaw. 1998. Observations in popu- lation increases and injury by spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid. Journal of Economic Entomology 91:250–255. Shrewsbury, P.M., and M.R. Hardin. 2004. Beat sampling accuracy in estimating spruce spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations and injury on juniper. Journal of Economic Entomology 97:1444–1449. Statistix Analytical Software. 2003. Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. Szczepaniec A., and M.J. Raupp. 2007. Residual toxicity of imidacloprid to hawthorn lace bugs, Corythuca cydoniae, feeding on cotoneasters in landscapes and containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25(1):43–46. Szczepaniec, A. 2009. Mechanisms underlying outbreaks of spider mites following applications of imidacloprid. Ph.D. dissertation. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD. 163 pp. Szczepaniec, A., S.F. Creary, K.L. Laskowski, J.P. Nyrop, and M.J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes out- Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes out- breaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018. Zar, J. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S. 929 pp. Adrianna Szczepaniec (corresponding author) Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843, U.S. Michael J. Raupp Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes out- ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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