92 especially important in cities where there have been insufficient numbers of these types of studies carried out; these studies enable developing countries to improve conditions in cities by putting in place envi- ronmental policies. The study has limitations to take into consideration, which are: (a) the territory studied, which corresponds to a part of a city with a continental Mediterranean climate; (b) no repeat measurements longer than one year were made; (c) a census was not carried out that characterized the trees; and (d) the vehicular flow of the streets and avenues studied was unknown. For this reason, the results must be considered in the space and conditions in which the research was conducted. CONCLUSION Statistically significant differences were found between the averages of studied variables (PM10 ; Max Noise; Min Noise; Time of Day and Season; Temperature; UV; and RH) for all sources of variation. The excep- tion was for noise, which didn’t present significant differences in tree coverage. As canopy coverage increases, a decreasing ten- dency with particulate matter, temperature at 1.5 m, and relative humidity was observed; however, no sig- nificant differences were identified. Significant dif- ferences were found in noise, temperature at ground level, and ultraviolet radiation, and in general sup- ports the idea that as canopy coverage increases, a reduction in the unwanted effects of these variables can be observed. The time of day showed significant differences for all variables with the exception of maximum noise. This would be explained by working hours and vehi- cle paths within the city. Maximum and average par- ticulate matter, minimum noise, and relative humidity showed significant differences in the mornings, which would be due to atmospheric phenomena. However, as would be expected, both temperature and ultraviolet radiation reached their maximums at midday. Significant differences present for all vari- ables during the season when the data was recorded is taken into consideration. Autumn and spring showed maximum particulate matter, noise, and relative humidity values, and summer showed high tempera- ture and ultraviolet radiation values. The theory that canopy coverage is able to reduce some of the effects of the recorded variables in this ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture Ponce-Donoso et al: Urban Trees and Environmental Variables study has been reinforced, thus making cities more comfortable as the undesirable effects of the variables studied are reduced. LITERATURE CITED Bealey WJ, McDonald AG, Nemitz R, Donovan R, Dragosits U, Duffy T, Fowler D. 2007. Estimating the reduction of urban PM10 concentrations by trees within an environmental infor- mation system for planners. Environmental Managements. 85:44-58. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional (BCN, CL). 2013. Reportes Estadísticos Distritales y Comunales 2013. [Accessed 2014 Jan 10]. http://reportescomunales.bcn.cl Bowler D, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS. 2010. Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning. 97:147-155. Calquín F, Ponce-Donoso M, Vallejos-Barra O, Plaza E. 2019. Influence of urban trees on noise levels in a central Chilean city. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. 51(1):41-53. Colunga ML, Cambrón-Sandoval VH, Suzán-Azpiri H, Guevara- Escobar A, Luna-Soria H. 2015. The role of urban vegetation in temperature and heat island effects in Querétaro city, México. Atmósfera. 28:205-218. Cordell H, Anderson L, Berisford C, Berisfrod Y, Biles L, Black P, Degraaf R, Deneke F, Dewers R, Gallaher J, Grey G, Ham D, Herrington L, Kielbaso J, Moll G, Mulligan B. 1984. Urban Forestry, Section 16. In: Wenger K, editor. Forestry handbook. 2nd Edition. Washington (USA): Wiley Interscience. p. 887-983. Coronel AS, Feldman SR, Jozani E, Facundo K, Piacentini RD, Dubbeling M, Escobedo FJ. 2015. Effects of urban green areas on air temperature in a medium-sized Argentinian city. Environmental Science. 2:803-826. De Groot R, Wilson MA, Boumans RM. 2002. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem function, goods and services. Ecological Economics. 41:393-408. Delshammar T, Östberg J, Öxell C. 2015. Urban trees and eco- system disservices—a pilot study using complaints records from three Swedish cities. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 41:187-193. Dirección General de Aguas (DGA), Ministerio de Obras Públicas (CL). 2004. Diagnóstico y clasificación de los cursos y cuerpos de agua según objetivos de calidad. Cuenca del río Maule. 152 p. Dwyer JF, Nowak DJ, Noble MH. 2003. Sustaining urban forests. Journal of Arboriculture. 29:49-55. Escobedo FJ, Nowak DJ, Wagner JE, de La Maza CL, Rodríguez M, Crane DE, Hernández J. 2006. The socioeconomics and management of Santiago de Chile’s public urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 4:105-114. Escobedo FJ, Nowak DJ. 2009. Spatial heterogeneity and air pollution removal by an urban forest. Landscape and Urban Planning. 90:102-110. Escobedo FJ, Kroeger T, and Wagner J. 2011. Urban forest and pollution: analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environmental Pollution. 159:2078-2087.
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