100 Hami et al: The Relationship Between Women’s Preferences for Landscape Spatial Configurations consistency should be close to or greater than 0.7 as recommended by De Vaus (2002). Later on, mean comparison tests such as one-way ANOVA were used to explore significant mean differences among users’ demographic variables toward LSQIs. RESULTS Participants’ Background Information The majority of the participants were in the youngest age group. In terms of marital status, 39.9% of the participants were single, and 60.1% were married. In terms of educational status and income level, the majority of the participants (n = 72, 40.4%) were at the level of diploma, and 47.2% (n = 84) made $330 to $900 USD in a month (< $300 USD = low, $301 to $900 USD = fair, $901 to $1500 USD = high, > $1501 USD = very high). Women’s Perception of Plants’ Spatial Configuration in Urban Parks Women’s preferences were measured using a 5 point Likert scale (1 = least preferred, 2 = somewhat unpre- ferred, 3 = neither unpreferred nor preferred, 4 = some- what preferred, 5 = most preferred). Figure 2 shows scenes 6, 11, 4, and 8 as the most preferred scenes by women. As seen below, scene 6 (mean = 4.69, SD = 0.679) and scene 11 (mean = 4.21, SD = 0.813) pointed to high prospect, respectively. Scene 4 (mean = 4.18, SD = 0.632) has a sense of mystery, and scene 8 (mean = 4.08, SD = 0.757) seems to show a place that people can be hidden from view (refuge quality). Figure 3 shows scenes 18, 5, 3, and 7 as the least preferred scenes by women participants in urban parks. Scene 18 (mean = 1.78, SD = 0.680) shows a high level of openness in a natural landscape. Scene 5 (mean = 2.28, SD = 0.758) and scene 3 (mean = 2.80, SD = 0.529) show natural landscapes with a high level of coherence; meanwhile scene 7 (mean = 2.92, SD = 0.771) illuminates high levels of legibility. The scenes ranked as the most preferred are associated with wetter environments. The least preferred scenes are those associated with either xeriscaping or plants of semiarid environments (Figure 3). It seems that the content and spatial quality of the scenes can influence people’s preferences. The selected scenes contained arid, semiarid, and wetter attributes. Figure 4 shows the results of factor analysis where each spatial factor contains three scenes with a loading factor of above 0.5. As Figure 4 shows, spatial quality indicators include six factors, namely mystery, legibility, coher- ence, complexity, prospect, and refuge. Mystery scenes contain some hidden information. Scenes that show coherence were selected in such a way that all Figure 2. Four most preferred scenes. Adapted from Hami and Tarashkar 2018. ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2020
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