Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(2): March 2020 101 Figure 3. Four least preferred scenes. Adapted from Hami and Tarashkar 2018. the elements within a scene could manifest as a cohe- sive unit in the eyes of the participants. Complexity is defined by the diversity and repetition of elements in the environment. Legibility refers to the degree of distinctiveness. Scenes related to the concept of pros- pect give the ability to see, meanwhile, the refuge is scenes that provide a venue to hide. The mean analysis result shows that women prefer scenes that have a high degree of mystery (mean = 3.80, SD = 0.90), complexity (mean = 3.80, SD = 0.93), followed by prospect (mean = 3.56, SD = 0.64), refuge (mean = 3.50, SD = 0.97), legibility (mean = 3.17, SD = 1.04), and coherence (mean = 2.75, SD = 0.98) for urban landscapes, respectively (Table 1). Also, reliability analysis showed that all reliability values were acceptable (De Vaus 2002). This section looks at the significant mean differ- ences between the participants’ demographic variables with regard to landscape quality in urban parks, or in other words, how the preferences for LSQIs change when the users’ characteristics such as age and educa- tion differ from each other. Landscape spatial quality indicators were merged using factor analysis with internal consistency close to 0.7 (Table 1), and demo- graphic factors were presented in Table 2. The results of mean comparison are presented in the following. Mean Comparisons Between Socio- Demographic Factors Regarding LSQIs Mean Comparisons Between Educational Levels Regarding LSQIs As seen in Table 2, a significant mean difference is observed between education levels toward spatial quality indicators such as coherence (F = [173, 4] = 9.876, α = 0.00), complexity (F = [173, 4] = 6.230, α = 0.00), legibility (F = [173, 4] = 5.919, α = 0.00), and refuge (F = [173, 4] = 12.266, α = 0.00). Less educated women had the lowest preference for coher- ence (mean = 1.36), complexity (mean = 2.70), legi- bility (mean = 2.00), and refuge (mean = 2.63), and showed significant differences with other groups. People with at least a master’s education had the highest preference for coherence (mean = 3.28), com- plexity (mean = 4.21), legibility (mean = 3.70), and refuge (mean = 4.03). Those who had graduate and postgraduate degrees showed similar preferences toward spatial quality indicators. Mean Comparisons Between Age Groups Regarding LSQI From Table 3, statistically significant differences are observed between age groups in preferences for coherence (F = [173, 4] = 7.14, α = 0.00), complexity ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2020
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