Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46(2): March 2020 (F = [173, 4] = 11.98, α = 0.00), legibility (F = [173, 4] = 16.51, α = 0.00), mystery (F = [173, 4] = 8.36, α = 0.00), prospect (F = [173, 4] = 8.265, α = 0.00), and refuge (F = [173, 4] = 3.803, α = 0.005). The post-hoc comparisons revealed the highest preference of the middle-aged group (40 to 49) toward coherence (mean = 3.53), complexity (mean = 4.58), legibility (mean = 4.15), mystery (mean = 4.72), prospect (mean = 4.06), and refuge (mean = 3.95), which is significantly higher than those in the 19 to 29 and > 60 age groups. Table 1. Mean1 Spatial quality indicator Mystery Complexity Prospect Refuge Legibility Coherence 1 analysis and Cronbach’s alpha of LSQIs. Mean SD 3.80 3.80 3.56 3.50 3.17 2.75 0.90 0.93 0.64 0.97 1.04 0.98 Cronbach’s alpha 0.67 0.68 0.50 0.60 0.76 0.58 Cell entries are mean values based on 5 point Likert scale (1 = least preferred, 2 = somewhat unpreferred, 3 = neither unpreferred nor preferred, 4 = somewhat preferred, 5 = most preferred). 103 Mean Comparisons Between Income Groups Regarding LSQI As seen in Table 4, the results of the one-way ANOVA illustrated significant differences among people with different income levels toward mystery (F = [173, 4] = 4.194, α = 0.007), complexity (F = [173, 4] = 12.941, α = 0.00), and prospect (F = [173, 4] = 19.009, α = 0.00). Women with low income levels had the highest preferences toward all indicators: mystery (mean = 4.33), complexity (mean = 4.63), and pros- pect (mean = 4.26). On the other hand, people with a moderate income ($300 to $1500 USD) had the low- est preference and showed significant differences with the other groups (above $1500 USD per month and below $300 USD per month). DISCUSSION The current study focused on the effect of socio- demographic characteristics including income, age, and education on women’s preferences toward plant spatial quality indicators in urban parks in Tabriz. The results showed that various economic situations influ- enced women’s preferences for LSQIs. This is in line with a previous study which showed that income Table 2. Mean comparison results between education levels regarding LSQIs using ANOVA. Mean1 Coherence Complexity Legibility Refuge Cell entries are mean values based on 5 point Likert scale (1 = least preferred, 2 = somewhat unpreferred, 3 = neither unpreferred nor preferred, 4 = somewhat preferred, 5 = most preferred). 2 1 The raw means with different superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. 3 Tukey was used for post-hoc comparison. Table 3. Mean comparison results between age groups regarding LSQIs using one-way ANOVA. Mean1 Coherence Complexity Legibility Mystery Prospect Refuge Cell entries are mean values based on 5 point Likert scale (1 = least preferred, 2 = somewhat unpreferred, 3 = neither unpreferred nor preferred, 4 = somewhat preferred, 5 = most preferred). 2 1 The raw means with different superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05. 3 Tukey was used for post-hoc comparison. ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture 19-29 2.42a 3.36a 2.61a 3.52a 3.42a 3.23a 30-39 2.93bc 4.09bc 3.54bc 3.87ab 3.72bc 3.73b values for age groups2,3 40-49 3.53c 4.58c 4.15c 4.72c 4.06c 3.95b 50-59 2.84abc 3.91abc 3.28abc 4.30bc 3.33ab 3.58ab > 60 2.50ab 3.55ab 3.11ab 3.49a 3.11a 3.31ab Df 173, 4 173, 4 173, 4 173, 4 173, 4 173, 4 F 7.14 11.98 16.51 8.36 8.26 3.80 Sig 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 Under diploma 1.36a 2.70a 2.00a 2.63a Diploma 2.60b 3.56ab 3.04b 3.07a values for education2,3 Bachelor 2.80bc 3.82b 3.20b 3.81b Master 2.93bc 4.00b 3.42b 3.87b Above master 3.28c 4.21b 3.70b 4.03b Df 173, 4 173, 4 173, 4 173, 4 F 9.87 6.23 5.91 12.26 Sig 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
March 2020
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Ai generated response may be inaccurate.
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success.
Downloading PDF
Generating your PDF, please wait...
This process might take longer please wait
