148 Petter et al: Municipal Tree Species Selection Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2020. 46(2):148–161 URBAN FORESTRY ARBORICULTURE Scientific Journal of the International Society of Arboriculture & How Are Managers Making Tree Species Selection Decisions in the Pacific Northwest of the United States? By Joshua Petter, Paul Ries, Ashley D’Antonio, and Ryan Contreras Abstract. Trees provide an array of social, economic, and ecological benefits; furthermore, trees on public land are critical for providing those benefits to people who cannot afford their own trees. It is important to know how managers make trade-offs and prioritize different tree selec- tion criteria in order to target educational campaigns at the state or regional level. Primary contacts for Tree City USA designated cities were surveyed across the Pacific Northwest. Of these municipalities, 79 out of 151 responded (52.3% response rate), with 6 municipalities providing responses from different departments for a total of 85 responses. Currently, there are primarily descriptive statistics in relation to tree species selection. This study provides a framework for future statistical analysis and greater exploration of how municipalities and managers are select- ing tree species. Results were analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U test to compare International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Certified Arbor- ists® to those who are not certified across various tree species selection criteria. Another Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare small (≤ 50,000) and large (> 50,000) municipalities across the same criteria. ISA Certified Arborists® those who are not certified in a number of tree species selection criteria. ISA Certified Arborists® showed statistically significant differences from also differed in urban forest management on a city-wide scale, particularly in favoring greater tree species diversity. The differences in urban forest management between ISA Certified Arborists® urban forest health and resiliency. Keywords. ISA Certified Arborists® and noncertified—and between municipality sizes—can help to influence future educational campaigns targeted toward increasing ; Pacific Northwest; Right Tree Right Place; Tree City USA. INTRODUCTION Urban Forestry Background Urban land is expected to more than double in the United States from 2000 to 2050, drastically reducing natural areas, native forests, and the ecosystem ser- vices they provide. As this trend continues, urban for- ests will be more important for providing critical services to urban residents (Nowak and Walton 2005). Municipalities receive a wide array of benefits from trees, equally as diverse are the reasons why manag- ers select species. Selecting a tree suitable for the planting site increases the survival rate, which in turn increases the social, economic, and ecological value of the tree (Roy et al. 2012). With proper manage- ment, urban forests can provide a wide variety of ben- efits, including: reducing air pollution, reducing healthcare costs, and improving recreation (Dwyer et ©2020 International Society of Arboriculture al. 1992). Urban forests provide a range of social ben- efits (e.g., sense of community, stress relief, and pri- vacy) that contribute to the health of residents (Matsuoka and Kaplan 2008). Additionally, retrofit- ting urban areas to include more green space and trees creates a more livable city (Hagerman 2007). The unique climates of urban areas are shaped by the buildings and green spaces within. Green spaces, including trees, play a critical role in moderating urban climates. With strategic planning and planting, green spaces can be used to mitigate the negative effects of urban heat and pollution (Sieghardt et al. 2005). Trees that are selected for the right site will grow quicker, live longer, and in turn sequester more carbon dioxide (McPherson and Simpson 1999). Planting trees can provide substantial energy savings, which typically start small and can nearly double
March 2020
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