208 Levinsson: Post-transplant Shoot Growth is Affected by Site and Species differences between the production methods were smaller, and the growth was thus not evened out. The size advantage of the high-performing trees from the nurseries was still detectable four years later. Red oak showed similar results in Malmö, with the B&B red oaks showing the highest accumulated shoot growth. Red oak did not seem to show a positive response to root pruning in the nursery at either of the sites. Excluding the nursery year, AP red oaks showed the highest accumulated shoot growth at Alnarp. If this trend were to continue, the AP red oaks at Alnarp could become larger than red oaks cultivated with other methods, although the annual differences were not statistically significant. It cannot be excluded that the different nutritional standard practices in the nurseries and the different substrates in the root- balls for several of the production systems, also had some effect on post-transplant shoot growth on the trees in this study. A previous study has shown that shoot growth was strongly determined by the availability of a tree’s internal N stores and that current N sup- ply was less important (Dyckmans and Flessa 2001). This could mean that shoot growth during the first year after transplanting was effected by the amount of nitrogen provided in the nursery. There were however significant differences between the trees from the field-grown production systems of both species (BR, B&B, and RP) the first year after transplanting, even though they had the same nutritional prerequisites from the nurseries and the coarse roots that provide storage for N were equal in amount between these production methods, indicating that other factors had higher influence on shoot growth than nitrogen supply from the nursery. This study provided no clear answer as to which produc- tion method is best for ensuring a significant shoot growth after transplant. Annual shoot growth measurements showed that there were differences in several of the years for both species, but shoot growth was significantly reduced after transplanting of trees cultivated with all the methods investigated, also the “pre- establishing” systems. To study what effect a longer period of cultivation in these systems could have on post-transplant shoot growth would therefore be interesting. B&B, RP and FC sweet cherry trees planted at Alnarp did, however, exhibit nursery shoot growth rates during the third season after transplanting, indicat- ing an advantage of these production methods for sweet cherry. However, the accumulated shoot growth revealed that FC and RP trees would probably not be bigger than trees cultivated with other methods four years after transplanting, due to low shoot growth in the nursery with these two methods of production. The study raised interest in further investigations on production methods’ long-term effect on shoot growth. Red oak did not exhibit nursery shoot growth rates for any of the production methods at either of the sites, showing that more time is required for studying shoot-growth recovery for red oak under these con- ditions. In this study, the conditions at the sites affected the time taken for the trees to regain their normal growth rates, but had no influence on which production method was more favorable for a particular site. There was also no clear correspondence between root system appearance at transplanting and post-transplant growth, indicating that more factors than amount of fine roots are of importance for a successful post-transplant shoot growth. Acknowledgments. This work was supported by Swedish Farmers Foundation of Agricultural Research, SLF; the city of Malmö and the Federation of Swedish Farmers, the Nursery section, GRO. Jan-Eric Englund helped with statistical analyses and I thank him as well as Ann-Mari Fransson for valuable comments during the writing process. LITERATURE CITED Adrian, J.L., C.C. Montgomery, B.K. Behe, P.A. Duffy, and K.M. Tilt. 1998. Cost comparisons for infield, above ground container and Pot-in-Pot production systems. Journal of Environmental Horticul- ture 16:65–68. Akbari, H. 2002. Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emission from power plants. Environmental Pollution 116:119–126. Appleton, B.L. 1995. 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Transplanting success of balled-and-burlapped versus bare-root trees in the urban landscape. Journal of Arboriculture 26:298–308. Day, S.D., and J.R. Harris. 2007. Fertilization of red maple (Acer rubrum) and littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata) trees at recommended rates does not aid tree establishment. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:113–121. Dyckmans, J., and H. Flessa. 2001. Influence of tree internal N status on uptake and translocation of C and N in beech: A dual C-13 and N-15 labeling approach. Tree Physiology 21:395–401. Ferrini, F., and F.P. Nicese. 2006. Effect of container type nursery tech- niques on growth and chlorophyll content of Acer platanoides L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L. plants. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment 4:209–213. Ferrini, F., and M. Baietto. 2006. Response to fertilization of different tree species in the urban environment. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32:93–99. Ferrini, F., F.P. Nicese, S. Mancuso, and A. Giuntoli. 2000. Effect of nursery production method and planting techniques on tree estab- lishment in urban sites: Preliminary results. Journal of Arboriculture 26:281–284. Fowler, D., J.N. Cape, and M.H. Unsworth. 1989. Deposition of atmo- spheric pollutants on forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 324:247–265. Gilman, E.F. 2001. Effect of nursery production method, irrigation, and inoculation with mycorrhizae-forming fungi on establishment of Quercus virginiana. Journal of Arboriculture 27:30–38. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
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