Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(5): September 2013 et al. 2013; Santos et al. 2013). Thus, the progressive loss in pho- tosynthesis was found to be co-related with the down regulation of the stomatal conductance and transpiration with enhanced water-use efficiency (Silva et al. 2010), which is an adaptive feature for the plants experiencing drought. Accordingly, the improved intrinsic cellular water-use efficiency that occurs due to loss in transpiration to sustain the hydric status of the plant under drought stress may be related and regulated by an intrinsic mechanism of leaf adjustment during drought (Figure 1C, c). The maximum quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, tion of the electron flow through PS II (Krause and Weis 1991; Velikova et al. 1999). The electron transport rate decreased despite the fact that PS II is highly drought resistant (Yordanov et al. 2003), while the significant loss in maximum quantum yield of PS II photochemistry may be considered as drought- sensitive plant types (Strasser et al. 1995; Percival 2005; Fini et al. 2009; Zlatev and Lidon 2012; Fini et al. 2013). Thus, the significant decline in physiological characteristics as shown by these clones favored them drought susceptible. The various agronomic traits, such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area expansion, specific leaf area, relative water content, plant performance, biomass, and harvest index found to be negatively influenced by drought stress as reported in the current study, is similar to Zhang et al. (2004), Xiao et al. (2005), Fini et al. (2013), and Santos et al. (2013). The find- ings conclude that both clones (i.e., G-48 and Kranti) seemed to be sensitive toward drought stress in the planting year (i.e., during establishment phase). Hence, proper and precision irriga- tion must be ensured for cottonwood plantation by the farmers/ planting agencies to achieve its optimal establishment, growth development, performance, plant productivity, biomass, and har- vest index in subsequent years to sustain agro-socio economy. Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to Prof. B.R.K. Gupta, Dean, College of Basic Science and Humanities (CBSH), G.B. Pant Uni- versity of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand for kindly providing experimental facilities. Thanks to Professor C.L. Verma, Cen- tral Soil Salinity Research Institute, Lucknow for his kind help. UGC, New Delhi is duly acknowledged for providing facilities to MS {File no. 37-438/2009(SR)} which supported manuscript submission. LITERATURE CITED Akcay, U., O. Ercan, M. Kavas, I. Yildiz, C. Yilmaz, H.A. Oktem, and M. Yucel. 2010. Drought-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant responses in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 6:21–28. Baker, B., G. Coupland, N.V. Fedoroff, P. Starlinger, and J. Schell. 1987. Phenotypic assay for excision of the maize controlling element Ac in tobacco. EMBO Journal 6:1547–1554. as explored through Fv/Fm analysis (Figure 1D, d) favored optimal retention of fluorescence in plants irrigated up to full field capacity, throughout. Indeed, it is important to assess the functional status of PS II that is found to be affected by drought [i.e. irrigation to the level of half-field capacity in both clones viz., G-48 (37%) and Kranti (48%)]. Thus, significant loss in fluorescence values triggered in case these clones irrigated to the level of half field capacity (obeyed Baker et al. 1987), in which increase in minimal fluorescence (Fo) level from dark- adapted leaves possibly found, due to reduced plastoquinone acceptor (QA ), were completely oxidized because of retarda- 229 Chaves, M.M. 1991. Effects of water deficits on carbon assimila- tion. Journal of Experimental Botany 42:1–16. Chen, S., S. Wang, A. Altman, and A. Huttermann. 1997. Genotypic variation in drought tolerance of poplar in relation to abscisic acid. Tree Physiology 17(12):797–803. Fini, A., C. Bellasio, S. Pollastri, M. Tattini, and F. Ferrini. 2013. Water relations, growth, and leaf gas exchange as affected by water stress in Jatropha curcas. Journal of Arid Environments 89:21–29. Fini, A., F. Ferrini, P. Frangi, G. Amoroso, and R. Piatti. 2009. Withholding irrigation during the establishment phase affected growth and physiology of Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and Linden (Tilia spp.). Arboriculture & Urban forestry 35(5):241–251. Fukuzawa, Y., J. Tominaga, K. Akashi, S. Yabuta, M. Ueno, and Y. Kawamitsu. 2012. Photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics in Jatropha curcas L. Plant Biotechnology 29:155–162. Johari-Pireivatlou, M., N. Qasimov, and H. Maralian. 2010. Effect of soil water stress on yield and proline content of four wheat lines. African Journal of Biotechnology 9:36–40. Krause, G.H., and E. Weis. 1991. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: The basics. Annual Review Plant Physiology Plant Molecular Biology 42:313–349. Lawlor, D.W. 1995. The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. In: N. Smirnoff (Ed.). Environment and Plant Metabolism. Flexibility and Acclimation. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers. Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. In: Water, Radiation, Salt and other stresses. Academic Press, New York, New York, U.S. Maier, M.U. 1998. Dynamics of change in stomatal response and water status of Picea abies during a persistent drought period: A contribu- tion to the traditional view of plant water relations. Tree Physiology 18:211–222. Nautiyal, P.C., N.R. Rachaputi, and Y.C. Joshi. 2002. Moisture-deficit- induced changes in leaf-water content, leaf carbon exchange rate and biomass production in groundnut cultivars differing in specific leaf area. Field Crops Research 74:67–79. Niinemets, U. 2001. Global-scale climatic controls of leaf dry mass per area, density, and thickness in trees and shrubs. Ecology 82:453–469. Percival, G.C. 2005. The use of chlorophyll fluorescence to iden- tify chemical and environmental stress in leaf tissue of three oak (Quercus) species. Journal of Arboriculture 31(5):215–227. Poorter, L., and L. Markesteijn, 2008. Seedling traits determine drought tolerance of tropical tree species. Biotropica 40:321–331. Santos, C.M., V. Verissimo, H.C.L.W. Filho, V.M. Ferreira, P.G.S. Caval- cante, E.V. Rolim, and L. Endres. 2013. Seasonal variations of pho- tosynthesis, gas exchange, quantum efficiency of photosystem II and biochemical responses of Jatropha curcas L. grown in semi-humid and semi-arid areas subject to water stress. Industrial Crops and Products 41:203–213. Silva, E.N., R.V. Ribeiro, S.L. Ferreira-Silva, R.A. Viegas, and J.A.G. Silveira. 2010. Comparative effects of salinity and water stress on photosynthesis, water relation, and growth of Jatropha curcas plants. Journal of Arid Environments 74:1130–1137. Singh, M. 1991. Photosynthetic characteristic of Populus deltoides under light and heat stress. Ph.D. Thesis CSIR-NBRI and University of Lucknow, Lucknow. Singh, M., and R. Chaturvedi. 1997. Molecular mechanism of photo- inhibition in higher plants. Agro’s Annual Review Plant Physiology 3:122–138. Singh, M., M. Jain, and R.C. Pant. 1999. Clonal variability in photosyn- thetic and growth characteristics of Populus deltoides under saline irrigation. Photosynthetica 36(4):605–609. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
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