234 Szczepaniec et al.: Effects of Dinotefuran and Imidacloprid on Elm Arthropods Rust mites in the family Diptilomiopidae did not experi- ence elevated populations in response to applications of either neonicotinoid. This result contrasts somewhat with previous studies that reported idiosyncratically elevated populations of rust mites and associated damage on elms and hemlocks treated with imidacloprid (Raupp et al. 2004; Szczepaniec et al. 2011). Imidacloprid and dinotefuran significantly reduced the abundance of European elm scale on elm. This finding is com- pletely consistent with previous accounts of neonicotinoids providing excellent control of E. spuria on elm (Sclar and Cranshaw 1996; Szczepaniec et al. 2011). Both insecticides also decreased numbers of the gall-forming aphid (C. ulmi- cola), illustrating that dinotefuran and imidacloprid are appro- priate control measures in management of this pest on elms. In summary, researchers found no evidence that applications of dinotefuran elevated populations of T. schoenei or Diptilomiopi- dae rust mites on American elm. Applications of imidacloprid did elevate populations of spider mites on elms. This is also relevant for management of pests attacking ash trees, especially as arbor- ists in several states prepare to mitigate infestations of invasive borers such as emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. Products containing imidacloprid and dinotefuran will be two of several management options (Herms et al. 2009; Szczepaniec et al. 2011), and data from the current study indicates that applications of dinotefuran are less likely than those of imidacloprid to result in a secondary outbreak of spider mites. Spider mites are secondary pests of most trees and rarely cause significant damage unless severe outbreaks of these pests cause yellowing and dropping of leaves. Even though such damage does not kill the trees, the signif- icant loss of aesthetic value of elms following outbreaks of spider mites has been of serious concern to arborists. This study, along with previously published reports (Sclar et al. 1998; Szczepaniec et al. 2011), suggests that imidacloprid applications may trigger similar outbreaks of these pests and result in comparable damage to ash trees. These data, along with other factors, such as differ- ences in cost of these insecticides, habitat, and soil type, should be taken into consideration when making pest management decisions. Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to the University of Mary- land’s Paint Branch Turf Research Facility for providing the field site for this study. We thank S. Grimard, K. H. and M. Vogel, and Z. Vogel for assistance in the field and laboratory. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers, whose comments greatly improved this manu- script. Grants from the National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program of USDA 2005-00915, International Society of Arboriculture Tree Fund, and Gahan and Bamford Fellowships supported this research. LITERATURE CITED Ahern, R.G., S.D. Frank, and M.J. Raupp. 2005. Comparison of exclu- sion and imidacloprid for reduction of oviposition damage to young trees by periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 98:2133–2136. Ali, A.D., D. Caldwell, J. Chamberlin, and J. Michael. 2010. Royal palm bug control with selected soil applied systemics. Arthropod manage- ment tests. 35:H1. doi: 10.4182/mat2010.H1. Chiriboga, A. 2009. Physiological responses of woody plants to imida- cloprid formulations. MSc thesis. The Ohio State University. Cowles, R.S., M.E. Montgomery, and C.A.S. J. Cheah. 2006. Activity and residues of imidacloprid applied to soil and tree trunks to control hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in forests. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(4):12581–1267. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture d’Eustachio, G., and M.J. Raupp. 2001. Application of systemic insecti- cides in relation to boxwood leafminer’s life history. Journal of Arbo- riculture 27:255–262. Doccola. J.J., P.M. Wild, I. Ramaswamy, P. Castillo, and C. Taylor. 2003. Efficacy of Arborjet viper microinjections in the management of hemlock wooly adelgid. Journal of Arboriculture 29:327–330. Frank, S. D., R. Ahern, and M.J. Raupp. 2007. Does imidacloprid reduce defoliation by Japanese beetles on linden for more than one growing season? Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:392–396. Frank, S.D., and A. Lebude. 2011. Season-long insecticide efficacy for hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), management in nurseries. Florida Entomologist 94(2):290–295. Frank, S.D. 2012. Reduced risk insecticides to control scale insects and protect natural enemies in the production and maintenance of urban landscape plants. Environmental Entomology 41:377–386. Gill, S., D.K. Jefferson, R.M. Reeser, and M.J. Raupp. 1999. Use of soil and trunk injection of systemic insecticides to control lace bug on hawthorn. Journal of Arboriculture 25:38–41. Gill, S.A., J. Lutz, P.M. Shrewsbury, and S. Klick. 2002. Evaluation of the systemic insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam applied as soil applications for control of boxwood leafminer on boxwood, 2000–2001. Arthropod Management Tests. Gillman, J., and C. Rosen. 2000. Tree Fertilization: A Guide for Fertilizing New and Established Trees in the Landscape. University of Minnesota Extension Leaflet. WW-07410. Gupta, G., and V.A. Krischik. 2007. Professional and consumer insec- ticides for management of adult Japanese beetle on hybrid tea rose. Journal of Economic Entomology 100:830–837. Herms, D.A. 2003. The enemy within: Understanding the biology and management of borers. Tree Care Industry 14:8–17. Herms, D.A., D.G. McCullough, D.R. Smitley, C. Sadof, R.C. William- son, and P.L. Nixon. 2009. Northeast IPM Center. U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (US- DA-APHIS) and the U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Area, Forest Health Protection. 12 pp. Lawson, A.B., and D.L. Dahlsten. 2003. Evaluation of systemic insecti- cides as a treatment option in Integrated Pest Management of the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller) (Coleoptera: Chryso- melidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1455–1462. Layton, M. B., and S. Ma. 2009. Control of crapemyrtle aphids with media-applied systemic insecticides. Arthropod management tests. 2009. 34:G31. doi: 10.4182/amt.2009.G31. Ludwig, S.W. 2011. Efficacy of insecticides against California red scale, 2010. Arthropod Management Tests 2011. 36:G1. doi: 10.4182/ amt.2011.G1. Mullins, J.W. 1993. Imidacloprid - a new nitroguanidine insecticide, Vol. 524: Pest Control with Enhanced Environmental Safety. S.O. Duke, J.J. Menn, and J.R. Plimmer (Eds.). pp. 183–198. Oliver J.B., D.C. Fare, N. Youssef, M.A. Halcomb, M.E. Reding, and C.M. Ranger. 2009. Evaluation of systemic insecticides for potato leafhopper control in field-grown red maple. Journal of Environmen- tal Horticulture 27(1):17–23. Oliver, J.B., D.C. Fare, N. Youssef, S.S. Scholl, M.E. Reding, C.M. Ranger, J.J. Moyseenko, and M.A. Halcomb. 2010. Evaluation of a single application of neonicotinoid and multi-application contact in- secticides for flatheaded borer management in field grown red maple cultivars. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28(3):135–149.
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