Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(5): September 2013 Raupp, M.J., Shrewsbury, P.M. and D.H. Herms. 2012. Disasters by de- sign: Outbreaks along urban gradients. In: Insect outbreaks revisited. P. Barbosa, D. Letourneau, and A. Agrawal (Eds.). Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 27 pp. Raupp, M. J., R. Webb, A. Szczepaniec, D. Booth, and R. Ahern. 2004. Incidence, abundance and severity of mites on hemlocks following applications of imidacloprid. Journal of Arboriculture 30:108–113. Raupp, M.J., P.M. Shrewsbury, and D.A. Herms. 2010. Ecology of arthropod outbreaks in urban landscapes. Annual Review of Entomol- ogy 55:19–38. Rebek, E.J., D.A. Herms, and D.R. Smitley. 2008. Interspecific variation in resistance to emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) among North American and Asian ash (Fraxinus spp.). Environmental Ento- mology 37:242–246. Sclar, D.C., D. Gerace, and W.S. Cranshaw. 1998. Observations in popu- lation increases and injury by spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid. Journal of Economic Entomology 91:250–255. Sclar, D.C., and W.S. Cranshaw. 1996. Evaluation of new systemic insecticides for elm insect pest control. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:22–26. Smitley, D.R., E.J. Rebek, R.N. Royalty, T.W. Davis, and K.F. New- house. 2010. Protection of Individual Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with Basal Soil Applications of Imidacloprid Journal of Economic Entomology 103(1):119–126. Stewart, V.B., and T.A. Horner. 1994. Control of hemlock wooly adelgid using soil injections of systemic insecticides. Journal of Arboriculture 20:287–289. Szczepaniec, A., and M.J. Raupp. 2007. Residual toxicity of imidacloprid to hawthorn lace bug, Corythuca cydoniae, feeding on cotoneasters in landscapes and containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25:43–47. Szczepaniec, A., S.F. Creary, K.L. Laskowski, J.P. Nyrop, and M.J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes out- breaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020018PloS. ONE. Szczepaniec, A., and M.J. Raupp. 2012a. Effects of imidacloprid on box- wood spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) abundance and associated injury to boxwoods. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(2):37–39. Szczepaniec, A., and M.J. Raupp. 2012b. Direct and indirect effects of imidacloprid on fecundity and abundance of Eurytetranychus buxi (Acari: Tetranychidae) on boxwoods. Experimental and Applied Acarology doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9614-1. Szczepaniec, A., M.J. Raupp, R.D. Parker, D. Kerns, and M.D. Eubanks. 2013. Neonicotinoid insecticides alter induced defenses and increase susceptibility to spider mites in distantly related crop plants. PLoS ONE 8:e62620. Toscano, N.C., and F.J. Byrne. 2005. Laboratory and field evaluations of neonicotinoid insecticides against the glassywinged sharpshooter. Proceedings, Pierce’s Disease Research Symposium. pp. 380–383. San Diego, California, U.S. Dec. 5–7, 2005. Wakita, T., N. Yasui, E. Yamada, and D. Kishi. 2005. Development of a novel insecticide, dinotefuran. Journal of Pesticide Science: 30:122–123 Wang, B., R. Gao, V.C. Mastro, and R.C. Reardon. 2005. Toxicity of four systemic neonicotinoids to adults of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 98:2292–2300. Webb, R.A., J.R. Frank, and M.J. Raupp. 2003. Recovery of eastern hem- lock from attack by hemlock woolly adelgid following treatment with imidacloprid. Journal of Arboriculture 29:298–302. 235 Young, L.C. 2002. The efficacy of micro-injected imidacloprid and oxydemeton-methyl on red gum eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus camald- ulensis) infested with red gum lerp psyllid (Glycaspis brimblecombei). Journal of Arboriculture 28: 144–147. Zar, J. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S. Adrianna Szczepaniec (corresponding author) Department of Plant Science Plant Science - Box 2207A Brookings, SD 57007 Brian B. Raupp Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S. Michael J. Raupp Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S. Zusammenfassung. Neonikotinoide Insektizide sind eine relative neue Klasse von Komponenten mit einer exzellenten Wirkung bei einer breiten Versammlung von bedeutenden Insektenschädlingen an holzigen Pflanzen. Unglücklicherweise wurde die Anwendung von einem Neo- nikotinoid, Imidacloprid, in Verbindung gebracht mit dem sekundären Ausbruch von verschiedenen Arten von Spinnmilben bei verschiedenen Bäumen und Büschen. Dinotefuran ist ein anderes neonikotinoides Insektizid, welches nun weltweit von Arboristen zur Bekämpfung von Insekten, einschließlich so lästigen Käfern wie dem Eschenbohrer verwendet wird. Forscher testeten eine Hypothese, dass Applikationen von Dinotefuran auf Amerikanische Ulmen (Ulmus americana) die Pop- ulationen von einer Spinnmilbe (Tetranychus schoenei) und Rostmilben der Gattung Diptilomiopidae erhöhen und fanden keine Hinweise, dass Dinotefuran die Dichte dieser Milben erhöht. Die Applikation von Imi- dacloprid erhöht die Dichte von T. schoenei, aber nicht Diptilomiopidae. Beide Neonikotinoide sind sehr effektiv bei der Bekämpfung von der Europäischen Ulmenschildlaus Eriococcus spuria, und einer gallen- bildenen Ulmenlaus, Colopha ulmicola. Resumen. Los insecticidas neonicotinoides son una clase relativa- mente nueva de compuestos con una excelente eficacia frente a un amplio conjunto de plagas de insectos clave de plantas leñosas. Desafortunada- mente, el uso del neonicotinoide imidacloprid se ha relacionado con brotes secundarios de varias especies de ácaros de araña en diferentes árboles y arbustos. Dinotefuran es otro insecticida neonicotinoide ampliamente uti- lizado ahora por arboristas para gestionar los insectos, como el barrenador esmeralda del fresno. Las investigaciones probaron la hipótesis de que las aplicaciones de dinotefuran a olmos americanos (Ulmus americana) con poblaciones elevadas de ácaros de la araña roja, Tetranychus schoenei, y ácaros en la familia Diptilomiopidae, y no encontraron indicios de que dinotefuran elevara las densidades de cualquiera de los ácaros. Aplica- ciones de imidacloprid elevaron las densidades de T. schoenei, pero no Diptilomiopidae. Los dos neonicotinoides son altamente eficaces en la reducción de la abundancia de la escama del olmo europeo, Eriococcus spuria, y el áfido agalla del olmo, Colopha ulmicola. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
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