242 Potter and Redmond: Elm Resistance to Insect Pests Table 2. Insect resistance ratings for elm species, hybrids, and cultivars evaluated in the National Elm Trial, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S., 2006–2012. Major pests Species/parentage Cultivar name U. americana Valley Forge Princeton Jefferson New Harmony U. parvifolia U. propinqua U. wilsoniana Hybrids JB FW FL ES 2 2 5 5 3 2 4 4 2 0 3 2 1 2 5 5 Prairie Expedition 3 3 3 4 Emer II Allee 0 4 1 0 Athena C. Lacebk 0 3 2 0 Everclear Lacebark 0 3 2 0 Emerald Sunshine 1 2 2 0 Prospector Morton P.V. New Horizon Morton R.T.D.C. Morton Accolade Morton G.T. Morton S.C. Patriot Frontier Homestead Pioneer z 3 4 2 2 5 4 1 0 2 5 3 3 4 4 1 2 5 1 1 0 4 2 1 1 4 3 1 0 4 3 3 5 2 4 1 1 5 5 1 0 5 4 1 1 Leafminers Gall aphids Leaf curl aphids Other Ku Aa PG CG WE WA CM Oh Overall scorez 0 5 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 5 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 1 5 5 2 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 48 3 2 47 1 2 29 2 2 35 2 3 32 0 2 13 0 1 11 0 1 11 0 2 12 0 2 28 0 3 30 1 3 41 0 5 31 0 3 20 1 2 20 0 4 25 0 4 38 0 4 20 0 4 31 0 2 30 Rank 20 19 10 16 15 4 1.5 1.5 3 9 11 18 13.5 5 6.5 8 17 6.5 13.5 12 Overall score = (2 × scores for major pests) + (sum of scores for remaining pests). NOTE: Pest abbreviations: JB, Japanese beetle; FW, European elm flea weevil; FL, European fruit lecanium; ES, European elm scale; Fu, Kaliofenusa ulmi; Aa, Agromyza aristata; PG, pouch gall; CG, cockscomb gall; WE, woolly elm aphid; WA, woolly apple aphid; CM, cottony maple scale; Oh, Oedophrys hilleri. Sources: Condra et al. 2010 and this paper. to select DED-resistant elms needing minimal inputs to main- tain a healthy, attractive tree. Cultivars of the Asian species U. parvifolia and U. propinqua, in particular, are relatively resistant to most insect pests under Kentucky conditions. Acknowledgments. We thank J. Hartman and E. Dixon (University of Kentucky [UK] Plant Pathology Dept.) for establishing the UK National Elm Trial plot and allowing us access to the trees. R.S. Anderson (Cana- dian Museum of Nature, Ottawa) identified O. hilleri voucher specimens that are deposited in the UK Insect Collection, and Stephen Cresswell (Buckhannon, WV) loaned a photo of that species. We thank J. Larson, A. Kesheimer, and D. Lee for assisting with weevil sampling. This is paper 13-08-007 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. LITERATURE CITED Analytical Software. 2008. Statistix version 9.0; User’s manual. Analyti- cal Software, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. Brasier, C.M., and M.D. Mehrotra. 1995. Ophiostoma himal-ulmi sp. Nov., a new species of Dutch elm disease fungus endemic to the Himalayas. Mycological Research 99:205–215. Brown, M.W., and C.R. Mathews. 2009. Biology of Oedophrys hilleri (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A potential new pest of peach in the eastern United States. Entomological News 120:185–193. Condra, J.M., C.M. Brady, and D.A. Potter. 2010. Resistance of landscape- suitable elms to Japanese beetle, gall aphids, and leaf miners, with notes on life history of Orchestes alni and Agromyza aristata in Kentucky. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:101–109. Dreistadt, S.H., and K.S. Hagen. 1994. European elm scale (Homoptera: Eriococcidae) abundance and parasitism in northern California. Pan- Pacific Entomologist 70:240–253. Gibb, T.J., C.M.F. Pierce, and R.D. Waltz. 2005. A synopsis of insect activity in Indiana during 2005. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 116:42–49. Hodges, A.C., and G. Hodges. 2001. Notes on members of the Vespidae foraging on honeydew secretions from the European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche). Journal of Entomological Science 36:312–314. Hubbes, M. 1999. The American elm and Dutch elm disease. Forestry Chronicle 75:265–273. Jacobi, W., J. Klett, and J. Walla. 2009. National Elm Trial overview. Johnson, W.T., and H.H. Lyon. 1988. Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs, 2nd edition. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York, U.S. Merkle, S.A., G.M. Andrade, C.J. Nairn, W.A. Powell, and C.A. Maynard. 2007. Restoration of threatened species: A noble cause for transgenic trees. Tree Genetics & Genomes 3:111–118. Patch, E.M. 1910. Gall aphids of the elm. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 181, Orono, Maine, U.S. Raupp, M.J., A.B. Cumming, and E.C. Raupp. 2006. Street tree diver- sity in eastern North America and its potential for tree loss to exotic borers. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32:297–304. Smalley, E.B., and R.P. Guries. 1993. Breeding elms for resistance to Dutch elm disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31:325–352. Vanek, S.J., and D.A. Potter. 2010. Ant exclusion to promote biologi- cal control of soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on landscape plants. Environmental Entomology 39:1829–1837. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
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