62 stakeholder groups participate (Potschin-Young et al. 2018). This may seem a complex task, but nature-based thinking should not be seen as a rigid discipline, as there is no single solution to sustainable and resilient cities (Keeler et al. 2019; Grace et al. 2021). Rather, it provides a range of opportunities where smart tech- nology can improve understanding of natural pro- cesses on nature’s conditions, involve and attract communities and individual citizens, and find joint and transferable values of natural capital between dif- ferent stakeholders. With pressing concerns about cli- mate change and loss of biodiversity, integrating ecological dimensions into the “smart city” approach is critical. For this, theories in urban ecology (McPhearson et al. 2016b) and nature-based thinking (Randrup et al. 2020) can provide a supporting framework. THE SUSTAINABLE SMART PARK MANAGEMENT (SSPM) FRAMEWORK To examine whether existing smart technologies applied in green space management can provide a holistic overview of ecological, technological, eco- nomical, and organizational aspects, we developed an analytical framework for Sustainable Smart Park Deak Sjöman et al: Sustainable Smart Park Management Management (SSPM) based on urban ecology (Steiner 2014), and nature-based thinking (Randrup et al. 2020)(Figure 1). The SSPM framework analyzes 5 criteria: (1) diver- sity, (2) connectivity, (3) adaptation, (4) inclusion, and (5) perception. Diversity Urban ecology has a strong focus on planning, decision- making, and using knowledge of diversity in organ- isms, heterogeneity of space, and the diversity of social-ecological interactions that feed back to one another to help guide future urban sustainability (Pickett and Cadenasso 2017). Diversity and hetero- geneity “sustain the system’s adaptive capacity to compensate for losses,” while human interventions aiming to increase “the frequency of the most optimal ideas” and activities may contribute to diversity loss (Levin et al. 2013). Hence, including smart technol- ogy in green space management should provide a pic- ture of the diversity of organisms and processes (different green space components, ecological organ- isms, heterogeneity of space, different user groups and their interrelationships), and thus provide guid- ance toward a diversity of actions within green space management. Figure 1. The conceptual framework of the Sustainable Smart Park Management approach projecting from the theories of urban ecology and nature-based thinking where smart technologies are analyzed through the lenses of diversity, connectivity, adaptation, inclusion, and perception as to provide a holistic advance to sustainable operations in the management and maintenance of urban green space. ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2022
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