Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(2): March 2022 Connectivity Inclusion of social dimensions, resilience, and a com- plex systems approach is embraced in nature-based thinking, which recognizes the need to build connec- tivity between cyclical and long-term processes, allowing space for “nature” to develop; to apply a nature-based approach in cross-sectoral management and maintenance; and to involve citizens in the pro- cess (Randrup et al. 2020). To improve understanding of the interconnectedness between users and urban green spaces, smart technologies should increase the connectivity between different sectoral groups, com- panies, and user groups. Different technological devices could also be connected to reveal the interconnected- ness between different elements of vegetation, soil, water, etc., providing a holistic approach to maintenance of ecological processes and producing transferable information for different stakeholders. Connectivity is thus projected from social-ecological, technical- ecological, and social/organizational-technical pro- cesses (Gulsrud et al. 2018). Adaptation An inherent dimension to resilience is the capacity of a system to adapt to changing and often unforeseen conditions while still continuing to operate without losing fundamental functions (Levin et al. 2013). Adaptation in urban landscapes is linked to different types of continuity between social-ecological factors and biocultural diversity (Andersson and Barthel 2016) and “learning by doing,” e.g., recognizing fail- ure as vantage points and guidance (Ahern et al. 2014). In this perspective, memory becomes an asset to adaptation and resilience, as “memory banks” can help delineate different ecological and social memory carriers (Andersson and Barthel 2016). Smart tech- nology can increase adaptation capabilities by moni- toring external and internal perturbations occurring in ecological processes, allowing lessons learned to be incorporated into green space management, and enabling a better understanding of feedbacks and adaptation. Smart technology should also aim to sup- port adaptive capacity within social and organiza- tional systems, foster cross-sectoral knowledge building, and help delineate changes in attitudes and interactions amongst visitors and user groups. Inclusion Urban green space management applies a long-term perspective to planning, design, construction, and 63 maintenance (Jansson et al. 2018). Although the focus of management is essentially inclusion of different user groups (Jansson and Lindgren 2012; Dempsey and Smith 2014), management for the benefit of nature and ecological processes (Randrup et al. 2020) and to meet the emerging need for participation of different user groups in more horizontal governance structures (Jansson et al. 2020) is also important. Eco- logical/green space inclusion emerges from the views and perceptions of user groups (Martin et al. 2018; Colding et al. 2019), so inclusion of user groups’ per- ceptions on green space and “quality” may trigger different management actions, such as less mainte- nance of certain areas. Smart technologies thus embody green space inclusion (i.e., all green space for ecolog- ical processes matters) and user group inclusion (i.e., all views and values of different user groups matter). Data sharing (open data) may increase collective intelligence and user participation in governance, and it may even lead to more inclusive modes of gover- nance, e.g., mosaic governance (Buijs et al. 2019). Perception Applying nature-based thinking in management will inherently require new perceptions of (urban) nature from esthetic, temporal, and organizational perspec- tives (Randrup et al. 2020). The links between esthet- ics and ecological processes are vital to green space management. Humans engage with nature at a differ- ent scale from ecological processes and environmen- tal phenomena and, within this smaller “perceptible realm,” esthetic experiences occur, influenced by dif- ferent contexts that range from landscape type and activities performed to personal and social situations (Gobster et al. 2007). We suggest that use of smart technologies could lead to increased understanding and awareness of urban green space as “nature” and natural processes occurring in landscapes for all stakeholder groups (from government agencies to individual citizens). This accommodates long-sighted cyclical approaches in the management of ecological processes, reaching beyond conventional timescales of public management to envision space making and place making for ecological processes, and creating a biophilic relationship between urban citizens and urban nature. The Definition of “Smart” We define “smart” as in Mora and Deakin (2019b), where digital technology and innovation are seen as ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2022
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