64 vehicles toward urban sustainability that also play a fundamental part in “tackling environmental degra- dation and fighting climate change…grounded in col- lective intelligence, bottom-up actions, participatory governance, open and user-driven innovation, and community led urban development” (Mora and Deakin 2019b). Smart digital infrastructures also need to be “nurtured and maintained as they material- ize in particular places” (Evans et al. 2019). “Smart” thus implies possible means toward achieving sus- tainability in and of urban landscapes with the inclu- sion of digital technology and ICT approaches, where “sustainability” is defined as in the Brundtland Report (1987): “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Borowy 2014). MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested our new SSPM framework in the Sustain- able Smart Parks (SSP) project, where various smart technologies for green space management are being applied in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. To gain a clear understanding of the contributions of these smart technologies, we initially focused on their actual contribution within their technical boundaries. We did not consider potential outcomes if the appli- ances were coupled or linked to other smart technol- ogies, but rather we delineated each device to identify potential blind spots or voids and possibilities for integration in a holistic management approach. In the SSPM framework, each of the 5 criteria (diversity, connectivity, adaptation, inclusion, percep- tion) includes 2 to 3 subcategories to further delineate potential outcomes and effects of the smart technolo- gies within the social-ecological-technological dimen- sion. Each smart technology was assessed against these categories based on its current application in the SSP project (Appendix Table S1). The Gothenburg Smart City Approach Gothenburg, the second largest city in Sweden (pop- ulation 533,000), is at the forefront in applying and testing the smart city approach through digital inno- vation. The city is involved in several research and development programs at different scales funded by several government organizations. One of the larger ventures is the HORIZON 2020 EU-funded IRIS project (2017) which aims to transform Gothenburg into a “Lighthouse City” and test bed of innovative energy and mobility solutions with districts of Living ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture The Sustainable Smart Parks Project, Gothenburg Sustainable Smart Parks (initiated 2008) aims to cre- ate an open and innovative arena for the development of future smart green spaces, increase the recreational value of urban green space, and support a sustainable approach to minimize negative environmental impacts in green space management and maintenance. SSP, which invites actors interested in exploring new ideas and concepts of digital investments in real-life environ- ments, is a collaboration between several departments within the City of Gothenburg, private companies, and manufacturers (Husqvarna AB), with the Swed- ish University of Agricultural Sciences coordinating research interests. Digitalization and automation in the green space realm can allow data from digital appliances to help optimize organization and performance for future design and management, focusing on function and actual demand, rather than predefined operational fre- quencies (e.g., number of times a lawn should be mown) or fixed outputs (e.g., how high a lawn is allowed to grow before next mowing)(Figure 2). Digitaliza- tion and automation will involve citizens through smartphone connections, where they can map their perceived recreational values of specific urban green spaces. The SSP project is similar to many other interna- tional smart technology projects exploring means of coordinating incoming data, while inviting more applications of further interest. Current and planned data collection includes information from maintenance Deak Sjöman et al: Sustainable Smart Park Management Labs (e.g., Marvin et al. 2018) in collaboration with multiple actors. Other projects are the City as a Plat- form (RISE 2018), which aims to “explore, test, implement open Internet of Things (IoT) platforms to support community benefits in the cities,” and Virtual Gothenburg (RISE 2019), an initiative by the city’s Urban Planning Division in collaboration with sev- eral research institutes to develop a digital twin city to benefit future planning. The overall aim is to disclose existing and prospective open data, empowering citi- zens to contribute to collective intelligence and visu- ally forecast future events as an incentive for climate adaptation (Mora and Deakin 2019b). The ongoing smart initiatives in Gothenburg reflect the city’s ambition to embrace a future where smart digital technology is an important tool in sustainable urban development (UNECE 2021).
March 2022
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