Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(2): March 2022 provide substantial information on social and organi- zational processes. The only technology providing information relating to those dimensions is fleet equip- ment, which aims to coordinate logistics between vehicles and fleet drivers, from where it is possible to gain information that can promote adaptation within organizational systems. The IoT platform, which in effect assembles all data from the devices, complies with all subcategories of all criteria. Some smart technologies cover similar criteria and subcategories, e.g., connectivity of social and organi- zational processes is covered by fleet equipment, vis- itor monitoring, and visitor interaction; inclusion of ecological processes and elements by ground sensors, remote sensing, and visitor interaction; perception of place making by ground sensors, automated mainte- nance, and remote sensors for visitor interaction. These couplings provide an interlinked map for achieving a joint outcome from the different applications in future smart urban green space management. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The SSP in Gothenburg provides a truthful profile of how most smart city initiatives progress, i.e., as an ad hoc process introducing different smart technologies and products in tandem with growing interest from the public and private companies. SSP is a test bed for learning and growing that uses a critical incremental approach of trial and error to “safe-to-fail” (Ahern 2014). However, it lacks a cohesive foundation for combining these applications into a comprehensive whole of social and ecological dimensions and for integrating each technology into a joint source of information on natural and ecological processes in order to guide future management and daily mainte- nance (Galle et al. 2019; Nitoslawski et al. 2019). Our new SSPM framework, which is based on urban ecology and nature-based thinking concepts, helped reveal how different smart technology devices and approaches in the SSP project in Gothenburg could be combined to provide different stakeholder groups with a deeper understanding of SETS. In this pilot project, each technology applied has a clear role as an integrated component within a larger system. However, analysis using our framework showed that application of various technologies appears ad hoc and fragmented, as well as a general lack of focus on social and organizational processes. The SSPM framework accurately distinguished between integra- tion of diversity, connectivity, adaptation, inclusion, 67 and perception in the various technologies. Further studies are needed to test more diverse applications and to establish whether the 5 criteria identified are sufficient in a wider context. Analysis of visitor inter- actions (based on mobile applications) illustrated high potential for outreach and integration of stake- holders. However, this assumes that users forward their opinions to a receptive management organiza- tion, which is unambivalent when returning informa- tion to visitors, e.g., about nature, ecological processes, and characteristics revealed through smart technolo- gies. This can be paramount for fostering biophilic relations among different user groups (Gobster et al. 2007; Beatley and Newman 2013) and tolerance toward different green space qualities based on differ- ent maintenance regimes. Inequality can arise in determining who stands to benefit from urban nature (Keeler et al. 2019) and in inclusion of different user groups, which is the foundation for long-term resil- ience of social-ecological interactions (Martin et al. 2018). Such inequality can be linked to fleet equip- ment such as monitoring of intelligent logistics and time efficiency, which may support unethical work- ing conditions for employees, or to automation of maintenance operations, which may cause unem- ployment for staff rather than intended redeployment to qualitative maintenance tasks (Gulsrud et al. 2018). Sensor technologies for monitoring soil moisture, plant identification, water temperature, etc., can be stored in memory banks to help navigate perceptions of time and of anticipated perturbations, which are of paramount interest in supporting memory carriers within management (Andersson and Barthel 2016), but outcomes rely on who is interpreting the data. This analysis concentrated solely on the actual con- tribution of each device in the SSP project, but the results indicated potential for their use in an intercon- nected context through the capacity to further couple smart technologies that share similar subcategories within each criterion. This would stimulate “systems mapping,” creating further interlinkages between the different applications and strengthening progress toward integrated and smart urban green space man- agement. The analytical framework could thus be of benefit when incorporated in data application (step 3 in Figure 2) prior to steps 1 and 2, making the process of data collection and digital transfer more meaning- ful and directed toward a comprehensive purpose. It would also provide managerial organizations with a tangible structure and transferable values that could, ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2022
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