76 in the investigation of urban forested patches and is of particular interest for this project. Beyond the natural beauty forested patches lend to urban settings, forested patches on campus provide valuable ecosystem services, benefits that are well-documented in literature (Nowak et al. 2008; Dobbs et al. 2011; Ulmer et al. 2016), and further- more, a recent study (Nordman et al. 2018) showed that preserved urban forest patches provide the high- est net economic value of any type of urban green infrastructure. Research conducted in Berlin (Kow- arik et al. 2019) further demonstrates the value of pre- serving urban forested patches, finding that even when alien species are present, these coexist with native species with the outcome being that the for- ested patches continue to provide ecosystem services for the surrounding area and habitats for species liv- ing in urbanized settings. The current Indiana University Bloomington Master Plan (Indiana University Bloomington and Smithgroup JJR 2010), regarding environmental sus- tainability, states, “Natural resources should be lever- aged to improve their inherent effectiveness and enhance environmental quality.…Campus woodland areas and native habitats should be improved and expanded to increase shaded tree canopies and pro- mote indigenous wildlife.” This plan reflects trends in sustainability leading up to its creation; the period between the 1990s and 2010 saw growth in campus sustainability initiatives throughout the United States, leading into a period where universities increasingly have intentionally implemented sustainability into policy while serving as contextual models for sus- tainable practice (Washington-Ottombre et al. 2018). Interestingly, the researchers find that despite the upward trend in awareness of university sustainabil- ity, student stewardship of natural areas has not been emphasized in sustainability ranking systems for higher education institutions, such as the Sustainabil- ity Tracking, Assessment, and Rating System (STARS). However, students do often engage in vol- unteer stewardship of natural areas on their cam- puses, an action which not only directly affects the natural environment, but which is also associated with human mental health benefits for the stewards (Krasny and Delia 2015). In addition to consideration of environmental sus- tainability, attention has been increasingly directed to maintaining and increasing biophysical, social, and ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture Freeman-Day and Fischer: Indiana University’s Woodland Campus institutional resilience in urban environments. Holling (1996) described biophysical resilience as the amount of disturbance an ecosystem can absorb before it can no longer function in its present state. This definition can broadly be applied to the social and institutional spheres, all of which interact within settings over space and through time and as such shape urban eco- logical patches. With expected climate change impacts for Indiana, including hotter summers, increased storms and flooding, and increases in drought periods, planning for resilient ecosystems is important in mitigating or reducing the impacts (Reynolds et al. 2018). Ordóñez and Duinker (2014) delineate multiple urban forest characteristics, includ- ing patch connectivity, equitable distribution of can- opy cover, public engagement, and diversity of institutions as contributing factors in resilience to cli- mate change. Forested patches in campus areas con- tribute to overall urban forest resilience and can be targets of efforts for preservation but can also be con- sidered as prime areas for development expansion, depending considerably on campus planning efforts. As we have found in our analysis of historic docu- ments, it appears there is a tension between the need to expand campuses to accommodate growing stu- dent populations while also conserving the elements (in many cases natural elements) that attract students to a campus. Additionally, when looking at university actions over a historic period, we see decisions are made reflecting the societal needs of the time. In the mid-20th century, growth and development was empha- sized, but more recently attention has been paid to environmental sustainability. In fact, there has been a recent call for universities to emerge as leaders in increasing resilience by including campus resilience in their master plans and also by contributing to com- munity and regional resilience (Storms et al. 2019). With the complex ties between social and ecologi- cal conditions and outcomes in urban settings, includ- ing many college campuses, examination of social and historical conditions and their potential connec- tions with preservation of forested patches can inform future efforts to protect this valued resource. In this project, we explored social and historical factors related to campus planning and how they relate to the IUB campus setting for a time period of over 100 years. We included multiple types of “green” patches (i.e., forest patches, lawns, quad areas, and gardens) in our analysis, but paid particular attention to forested
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