86 We argue that preservation (formal or informal) of a green space can transform a common-pool resource (potentially threatened by subtractability by removal for development, etc.) into a Commons. This fits the McGinnis definition of public good along with the Ostrom definition of a Commons because the resource is no longer easily subtractable. Dunn’s Woods fits this concept. Before the “Save the Woods” campaign, plans were made to remove part of the forested patch. Afterward, the wooded patch has remained labeled on maps and is listed on the Campus Master Plan as a “Memorable” and “One-of-a-Kind” place (Indiana University Bloomington and Smithgroup JJR 2010). If we can define Dunn’s Woods as a Commons, then the trees growing within the patch are common-pool resources managed by the university in terms of pub- lic safety (removing risky trees, adding lighting, add- ing walkways and seating) and by university affiliates and the public in terms of maintaining ecological health by group stewardship efforts, including removal of invasive plants and monitoring of woods conditions (Indiana University Office of Sustainabil- ity 2020). Dunn Meadow could similarly be consid- ered a natural Commons—it is not easily subtractable (impacted by development), given its history as a meeting space and continued inclusion as a green space on maps and plans. Additionally, it would be extremely difficult to limit public access to the meadow. The Ostrom Commons, dedicated in November 2020, is the first green space on campus to be called by the term. It has long been an open, green area between buildings that could be considered to include the fringes at the edge of Bryan Woods but has not previ- ously been included on maps except as drawings of trees or green space. CONCLUSION Methodology from this pilot study will be expanded and applied to more complex settings. The research team has already begun an analysis of forested patches in the city of Bloomington and has planned a patch sample study in Indianapolis, Indiana. Due to increased variability in ownership and land type, additional factors will need to be considered. These include social and institutional variables such as pri- vate vs. public land, multiple ownership of patches, and networks of governance including municipali- ties, nonprofit greening organizations, neighborhood or homeowner associations, and individual property ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture Freeman-Day and Fischer: Indiana University’s Woodland Campus owners. Ecological conditions will also be consid- ered, including the presence of forest remnants, along with emerging or intentionally planted forests, and mixes of alien and native species within patches. Mapping of all these variables, including changes over time and including these additional consider- ations within the GIS analysis, will allow for a thor- ough investigation into multiple interacting factors that may drive urban forest patch sustainability. Addi- tionally, forested patches will be examined through the lens of institutional theory to determine whether they could be considered common-pool resources, and which governance strategies would best be applied to increase the likelihood of patch sustainability into the future. LITERATURE CITED Baxter P, Jack S. 2008. Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qual- itative Report. 13(4):544-559. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160 -3715/2008.1573 Davey Resource Group. 2019. Urban Tree Canopy Assessment Summary Report: City of Bloomington, Indiana. Indianapolis (IN, USA): Davey Resource Group, Inc. https://issuu.com/ bloomingtonparks/docs/bloomington_tree_canopy_summary _report_091719 Dobbs C, Escobedo FJ, Zipperer WC. 2011. A framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indi- cators. Landscape and Urban Planning. 99(3-4): 196-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.004 Feickert B. 2020 December 4. IU Board of Trustees approves projects for IUPUI, Bloomington campuses. News at IU. Bloomington (IN, USA): Indiana University, News & Media. https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/12/iu/inside/04-construction -projects-approved-for-bloomington-iupui-campuses.html Fischer BC, Steed BC. 2008. Street trees—A misunderstood common pool resource. International Society of Arboriculture 84th Annual Conference and Trade Show; 2008 July 26–30; St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Champaign (IL, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. https://urbanforestry.indiana.edu/ doc/publications/2008-street-trees.pdf Grove JM, Cadenasso MI, Pickett STA, Machlis GE, Burch WR Jr. 2015. The Baltimore school of ecology: Space, scale, and time for the study of cities. New Haven (CT, USA): Yale University Press. 256 p. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/ 9780300101133.001.0001 Holling CS. 1996. Engineering resilience versus ecological resil- ience. In: Schulze P, editor. Engineering within ecological constraints. Washington (DC, USA): The National Academies Press. p. 31-44. https://doi.org/10.17226/4919 Indiana Spatial Data Portal. 2021a. 1998-1999 USGS Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles. United States Geological Survey and Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bloom- ington (IN, USA): Indiana University. https://gis.iu.edu/dataset/ statewide/1998doqq.html
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