iii evidence of patches being labeled or left blank. Historic aerial photos were compared with present satellite imagery using geographic informa- tion system (GIS) software. Results: Findings include patterns where patches were indicated on maps (1902 to early 1940s), followed by a period where natural/forested areas were unindicated on maps (post-World War II to 1960s), followed by patches reappearing on maps and being sug- gested for preservation (1960s to present). Although some natural patches were “lost” during the study period, others persisted. Patches that endured may be defined as Commons: shared resources protected by formal/informal rule processes. Conclusions: This novel framework for the IUB patch project serves as a template for use in investigating green patches in the city of Bloomington. The Bloomington project builds upon the IUB framework, expanding GIS analysis of current patches and historical imagery, and assessing current ecological patch condition. Additional considerations reflect complexity of municipal settings and include patch ownership, socio-demographics, and equitability in access. Keywords. GIS; Historical Ecology; Patch Theory; Pilot Project; Urban Ecosystems. Yuhao Lu, Justin McCarty, Jeri Sezto, Zhaohua Cheng, Nicholas Martino, Cynthia Girling, Adam Rysanek, Sara Barron, and Giona Matasci Modeling the Shading Effect of Vancouver’s Urban Tree Canopy in Relation to Neighborhood Variations .....................................................................................................................................95 Abstract. Background: Cities consume a disproportionate amount of energy for internal temperature regulation. Being able to reduce cities’ cooling load on hot summer days can decrease energy consumption while improving occupants’ thermal comfort. The urban canopy is an effec- tive shading agent, adding cooling benefits to existing buildings and streets while providing other ecological and physiological values. Yet the building and street shading dynamic is a highly complex system that involves micro-level building components and macro-level variables. Introducing urban canopy to such a complex system creates another challenge, as urban canopy variables can also interact with buildings at both micro- and macro-levels. In order to accurately represent the urban canopy shading effect, it is necessary to account for the interactions among buildings, streets, and urban canopies. Methods: This study simulates the shading effect of urban canopy measured by aerial laser scan- ning (ALS) in the City of Vancouver, Canada, through the integration of a Radiance daylight simulation engine and geographic information system (GIS) data. All trees detected by ALS were included in the analysis. Results: The results indicate that street surfaces receive more solar irradiance reduction than building roofs and façades (i.e., exterior walls). Neighborhoods with less density and lower buildings were shaded noticeably better than areas with higher density and taller buildings. Among Vancouver’s 22 neighborhoods, 2 neighborhoods, Kitsilano and the West End, demonstrated a promising sign where both building density/height and urban canopies are maintained. There was evidence of high canopy shading and high-density urban morphologies. Conclusion: Overall, this work provided an authentic canopy assessment from sin- gle building to city scale, creating opportunities to investigate intracity urban canopy variations, equality, and the balance between urban green- ing and urban densification. Keywords. 3D Tree Canopy Mode; Aerial Laser Scanning; Canopy Shading; Radiance Model; Street Trees; Urban Forestry. Rocco Pace, Emanuela Masini, Diego Giuliarelli, Luca Biagiola, Antonio Tomao, Gabriele Guidolotti, Mariagrazia Agrimi, Luigi Portoghesi, Paolo De Angelis, and Carlo Calfapietra Tree Measurements in the Urban Environment: Insights from Traditional and Digital Field Instruments to Smartphone Applications ...............................................................................113 Abstract. Urban forests can provide essential environmental and social functions if properly planned and managed. Tree inventories and mea- surements are a critical part of assessing and monitoring the size, growth, and health condition of urban trees. In this context, the parameters usually collected are diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height, but additional data about crown dimensions (width, length, and crown projection) are required for a comprehensive tree assessment. These data are generally collected by urban foresters through field surveys using tree calipers or diameter tape for DBH and the electronic ipsometer/clinometer to measure tree height and crown size. Greater detail could be achieved using a digital instrument such as Field-Map, a portable computer station, to quickly realize dimensional and topographic surveys of trees and forest stands. Additionally, the incorporation of a LIDAR scanner into a smartphone such as the iPhone 12 Pro has made this device able to measure tree attributes as well as additional spatial data in the field. In this study, we tested these 3 different measurement systems in a field sampling of an urban forest and compared them in terms of measurable parameters, accuracy, cost, and time efficiency. Furthermore, we discussed the pros and cons of each measurement approach and how the resulted data can be used to evaluate ecosystem services of trees and provide guidance on tree management in order to reduce potential risks or disservices. Keywords. Digital Technologies; Field-Map; LIDAR Scanner; Smartphone; Tree Measurements. Sophie Plitt, Erik Andersson, PhD, and Michelle Johnson, PhD Assessing the Potential of E-Tools for Knowledge Sharing and Stewardship of Urban Green Infrastructure .................................................................................................................124 Abstract. Background: People caring for urban green infrastructure, not least urban trees, play an important role in maintaining the quality of the urban environment. But what happens when information processing and knowledge generation become digitalized? This study examines digital tools developed to provide knowledge support and with ambitions of inciting stewardship. It asks what understanding they draw on, what information they broker, and how they approach uptake and use of the content they provide. Methods: We analyzed 6 different e-tools ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2022
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