114 strategies (Pataki et al. 2021), aiming to effectively provide ecosystem services for environment and peo- ple (Ferrini et al. 2017). In fact, the multiple benefits trees provide to citizens and environment, such as pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration, and rainfall interception, are strongly related to plant characteristics, such as leaf area, biomass, and basal area (Nowak et al. 2008a). This information can be used as input for specific models, such as i-Tree Eco, to estimate the ecosystem services provided by trees in cities (Pace et al. 2018; Lin et al. 2020). Furthermore, urban forests are valuable recreational spaces for citizens, and tree safety is an important issue to address in city planning (Konijnendijk et al. 2005). Thus, in the urban context, it is required to act often with pruning for canopy maintenance (Fini et al. 2015). A tree risk assessment is generally performed through a visual investigation of tree health and con- dition (Mattheck and Breloer 1994), possibly using tools, such as tomography, to evaluate the internal structure of the stem (Karlinasari et al. 2018). To this purpose, additional information about the condition and health of the crown is needed to assess and apply appropriate management and avoid undesirable dis- services (Roy et al. 2012). Tree measurements are an essential part of urban foresters’ work to manage city trees (Östberg 2013). Pace et al: Tree Measurements in the Urban Environment However, they are very time-consuming and also demand well-trained people (Nowak et al. 2008b). Different inventory methods can be used to obtain tree data, from field surveys to remote-sensing appli- cations. The latter, through the combination of differ- ent sensors and analysis methodologies, are able to detect urban trees and their attributes (Shojanoori and Shafri 2016), but a degree of uncertainty remains in the species differentiation (Fassnacht et al. 2016) or accurate assessment of uncommon trees (Alonzo et al. 2014; Alonzo et al. 2016). Compared to remote-sensing assessments, field surveys allow to get comprehensive information on species and tree size, which may vary by individual tree based on competition and canopy architecture (Nielsen et al. 2014). In fact, accurate estimation of parameters such as total leaf area and biomass depends not only on tree size, but also on features such as crown architecture before and after planting, branches in competition for the light, and branches missing or damaged (Östberg et al. 2013). The traditional tools used to derive tree measures are caliper or diameter tape for DBH, the ipsometer/ clinometer for tree and crown height, and metric tape for crown width. Digital technologies, such as Field- Map, a portable computer station designed to quickly perform topographic and dimensional surveys of tree vegetation within forest inventories, have gradually Table 1. Tree dendrometric data measured in plots with smartphone (DBH, height, crown base height, crown width), diameter caliper (DBH), ipsometer (height), and Field-Map (crown projection). Plot N° Area trees (m2 ) A B C D 44 19 15 2 5 3 E 2 2 1 3 F 19 4 4 150 80 Species DBH iPhone (cm) 220 Cupressus sempervirens 20.7 ± 6.1 Quercus ilex Pinus pinea Abies alba 150 170 126 Cedrus libani Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Pinus pinea Abies alba Cedrus libani Prunus avium Prunus cerasifera ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture Height iPhone (m) 12.2 ± 2.8 52.5 ± 13.6 23.9 ± 3.4 60.4 ± 16.4 27.5 ± 3.8 43 ± 4.2 59.5 ± 3.5 8 ± 1.4 44 Cupressus sempervirens 70.7 ± 6.1 Pinus nigra 36.8 ± 3.8 32.8 ± 8.8 39.3 ± 9.6 Crown base height Crown width 56.8 ± 10.3 22.7 ± 3.2 36.7 ± 1.5 5.1 ± 2.2 22 23.3 ± 0.1 18.8 ± 1.8 7.6 ± 0.8 7.7 ± 1.7 20.7 ± 3.8 15.1 ± 0.7 24 ± 1.4 iPhone (m) iPhone (m) 1.8 ± 0.7 5.1 ± 0.5 14.4 ± 3.1 4.8 ± 0.9 1.7 ± 0.8 9 ± 4.7 6.1 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.6 12 ± 1.4 1.9 ± 0.2 6 3.2 ± 0.3 11.5 ± 2 2.1 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.3 6.7 ± 0.2 3.6 ± 0.1 10.5 ± 1.4 2.9 ± 0.2 7 7.9 ± 0.3 5.1 ± 0.9 4 ± 1.3 4.5 ± 1.3 DBH caliper (cm) 20 ± 6.1 Height ipsometer (m) 13.2 ± 1.7 53.6 ± 12.8 26.2 ± 0.7 13.9 ± 5.5 62.1 ± 16.6 27.8 ± 1.7 13.5 ± 2.8 43.3 ± 5.3 58.4 ± 11.4 28.3 ± 14.2 60 ± 7.1 8 ± 2.8 47.5 71.8 ± 5.8 37.3 ± 3.9 33.5 ± 9.3 40 ± 9.5 23.6 ± 5.1 20 25 20.5 ± 0.7 8.5 ± 0.7 24.1 ± 2.1 19.8 ± 4.5 14.8 ± 6.8 Crown projection Field-Map (m2 4.4 ± 1.2 80.9 ± 36.9 85.5 ± 47.3 76.3 ± 28.4 53.5 61.7 8.1 )
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