134 Plitt et al: Assessing the Potential of E-Tools for Urban Green Infrastructure emphasis on digital learning as these tools and meth- ods increase in prevalence. CONCLUSION The findings of this study identify how e-tools for UGI management by stewards are designed: to share data about social-ecological systems and to create spaces for citizen-government interaction and peer-to-peer learning. We find most e-tools we studied focus on systems knowledge, with some tools addressing tar- get and transformational knowledge. We find several examples of on-the-ground and in-person practices that, paired with the e-tools, produced positive learn- ing outcomes. E-tools are serving as platforms that broker knowledge between silos and make this knowledge more accessible to users. This suggests that special attention should be paid to the instruction offered through these tools. This finding suggests that exploring only knowledge exchange vis-à-vis digi- tized tools gives an incomplete picture. A hybrid approach to instruction that harnesses the power of digitization but incorporates place-based, embodied knowledge sharing may offer a way forward and merits future investigation. Combining large-scale data on digital platforms with other forms of knowl- edge exchange in this hybrid framework will allow for the development of tacit knowledge and deepen social ties, which can strengthen the outcomes for civic stewardship. LITERATURE CITED Anderson T. 2008. The theory and practice of online learning. 2nd Ed. Edmonton (AB, Canada): Athabasca University Press. 484 p. Andersson E, Barthel S. 2016. Memory carriers and stewardship of metropolitan landscapes. Ecological Indicators. 70:606-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.030 Andersson E, Barthel S, Borgström S, Colding J, Elmqvist T, Folke C, Gren Å. 2014. Reconnecting cities to the biosphere: Stewardship of green infrastructure and urban ecosystem ser- vices. AMBIO. 43(4):445-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280 -014-0506-y Andersson E, Enqvist J, Tengö J. 2017. Stewardship in urban landscapes. In: Bieling C, Plieninger T, editors. The science and practice of landscape stewardship. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. p. 222-238. Ballard HL, Fernandez-Gimenez ME, Sturtevant VE. 2008. Integration of local ecological knowledge and conventional science: A study of seven community-based forestry organi- zations in the USA. Ecology and Society. 13(2):37. https:// doi.org/10.5751/ES-02594-130237 Barthel S. 2006. Legacies and stewardship groups in ecosystem management [dissertation]. Stockholm (Sweden): Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University. 27 p. ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture Barthel S, Folke C, Colding J. 2010. Social-ecological memory in urban gardens—Retaining the capacity for management of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change. 20(2):255- 265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.01.001 Bernard RM, Abrami PC, Lou Y, Borokhovski E, Wade A, Wozney L, Wallet PA, Fiset M, Huang B. 2004. How does distance education compare with classroom instruction? A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Review of Educa- tional Research. 74(3):379-439. https://doi.org/10.3102/ 00346543074003379 Bodin Ö, Crona O, Ernstson H. 2006. Social networks in natural resource management: What is there to learn from a struc- tural perspective? Ecology and Society. 11(2):r2. http://www .ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/resp2/ Bonney R, Phillips TB, Ballard HL, Enck JW. 2016. Can citizen science enhance public understanding of science? Public Understanding of Science. 25(1):2-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0963662515607406 Bryman A. 2012. Social research methods. 4th Ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. 766 p. Campbell LK, Svendsen E, Johnson M, Landau L. 2021. Activat- ing urban environments as social infrastructure through civic stewardship. Urban Geography. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02723638.2021.1920129 Chapin FS, Kofinas GP, Folke C, Chapin MC. 2009. Principles of ecosystem stewardship: Resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. New York (NY, USA): Springer. 413 p. Clark RC, Mayer RE. 2016. E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. Hoboken (NJ, USA): John Wiley & Sons. 528 p. Connolly JJ, Svendsen ES, Fisher DR, Campbell LK. 2013. Organizing urban ecosystem services through environmental stewardship governance in New York City. Landscape and Urban Planning. 109(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .landurbplan.2012.07.00 Connolly JJT, Svendsen ES, Fisher DR, Campbell LK. 2014. Networked governance and the management of ecosystem services: The case of urban environmental stewardship in New York City. Ecosystem Services. 10:187-194. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.ecoser.2014.08.005 Cooke B, West S, Boonstra WJ. 2016. Dwelling in the biosphere: Exploring an embodied human-environment connection in resilience thinking. Sustainability Science. 11(5):831-843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0367-3 Corvalán C, Hales S, McMichael AJ. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis: A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington (DC, USA): Island Press. 156 p. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/ document.356.aspx.pdf Cundill G, Leitch AM, Schultz L, Armitage D, Peterson G. 2015. Principle 5—Encourage learning. In: Biggs R, Schluter M, Schoon ML, editors. Principles for building resilience. Cam- bridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. p. 174-200. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836 de Groot RS, Alkemade R, Braat L, Hein L, Willemen L. 2010. 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