Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40(5): September 2014 tion practices, but these advances are still not fully understood. Arboricultural science is young and growing. There is hardly a topic that would not ben- efit from extensive additional research. The wide variety of species and environmental circumstances in urban landscapes makes it especially challenging. Acknowledgments. We would like to thank the International Society of Arboriculture and the ISA Science and Research Com- mittee for funding this literature review. LITERATURE CITED Abod, S.A. 1990. Effects of nutrients deficiencies on the root regen- erating potential and growth of Pinus caribaea and Pinus kesiya seedlings. Pertanika 13:145–150. Abod, S.A., and A.D. Webster. 1990. Shoot and root pruning effects on the growth and water relations of young Malus, Tilia, and Betula transplants. Journal of Horticultural Science 65:451–459. Abod, S.A., and S. Sandi. 1983. 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Modification, b. Fertilization, and c. Drainage) (A300, Part 2). Tree Care Industry Association, Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S. 20 pp. Andersen, C.P., E.I. Sucoff, and R.K. Dixon. 1986. Effects of root zone temperature on root initiation and elongation in red pine seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:696–700. Anonymous. 2004. American Standards for Nursery Stock, ANSI Z60.1. American Association of Nurserymen, Washington, D.C. 113 pp. Accessed 05/21/2013. Anonymous. 2010. European Technical & Quality Standards for Nurserystock. Accessed 05/21/2013. Appel, D.N. 1994. Identification and control of oak wilt in Texas urban forests. Journal of Arboriculture 20:250–258. Arnold, M.A. 1996. Mechanical correction and chemical avoid- ance of circling roots differentially affect post-transplant root regeneration and field establishment of container-grown Shu- mard oak. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science 121:258–263. Arnold, M.A., and D.K. Struve. 1989. Green ash establishment fol- lowing transplant. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science 114:591–595. 263 Arnold, M.A., and G.V. McDonald. 2009. Groundcovers, organic and inorganic mulches, and masonry surfaces differentially affect establishment and root zone characteristics of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:232–240. Bader, C. 2000. Untersuchungen über den statisch wirksamen Wur- zelraum. [Investigations on the stability relevant root zone] Fachhochschule. [University of Applied Sciences] Nürtingen, Germany. Balder, H. 1999. Mechanical root injuries: Compartmentalization, pruning, and wound dressing. Acta Horticulturae 496:239–244. Balder, H., D. Dujesiefken, T. Kowol, and E. Schmitz-Felten. 1995. Zur Wirkung von Wundbehandlungen an Wurzeln bei Eiche und Linde [Aspects of wound treatments of oak and basswood roots]. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 47:28–35. Barker, P.A. 1983. Some urban trees of California: Maintenance problems and genetic improvement possibilities. pp. 47–54. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance. Barker, P.A. 1995a. Managed development of tree roots. I. Ultra- deep root ball and root barrier effects on European hackberry. Journal of Arboriculture 21:202–208. Barker, P.A. 1995b. Managed development of tree roots. II. Ultra- deep root ball and root barrier effects on Southwestern black cherry. Journal of Arboriculture 21:251–258. Bartens, J., P.E. Wiseman, and E.T. Smiley. 2010. Stability of land- scape trees in engineered and conventional urban soil mixes. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 9:333–338. Barton, C.V.M., and K.D. Montagu. 2004. Detection of tree roots and determination of root diameters by ground penetrating radar under optimal conditions. Tree Physiology 24:1323–1331. Bassuk, N., J. Grabosky, A. Mucciardi, and G. Raffel. 2011. Ground- penetrating radar accurately locates tree roots in two soil media under pavement. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37:160–166. Biddle, P.G. 1998. Tree Root Damage to Buildings. Volume I: Causes, Diagnosis and Remedy. Willowmead Publishing, Ltd. Wantage, UK. 376 pp. Blackwell, P.G., K. Rennolls, and M. Coutts. 1990. A root anchorage model for shallowly rooted Sitka spruce. Forestry 63:73–91. Blessing, S.C., and M.N. Dana. 1987. Post-transplant root system expansion in Juniperus chinensis L. as influenced by production system, mechanical root disruption and soil type. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5:155–158. Blunt, S.M. 2008. Trees and pavements - are they compatible? Arbo- ricultural Journal 31:73-80. Bronnum, P. 2005. Preplanting indicators of survival and growth of desiccated Abies procera bare root planting stock. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 20:36-46. Broschat, T.K., and H. Donselman. 1990a. Regeneration of severed roots in Washingonia robusta and Phoenix reclinata. Principes 34:96–97. Broschat, T.K., and H. Donselman. 1990b. IBA, plant maturity, and regeneration of palm root systems. HortScience 25:232. Broschat, T.K., and H.M. Donselman. 1984. Regrowth of severed palm roots. Journal of Arboriculture 10:238–240. Bühler, O., P. Kristoffersen, and S.U. Larsen. 2007. Growth of street trees in Copenhagen with emphasis on the effect of different estab- lishment concepts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:330–337. ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture
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