284 obtained by analyzing many P. sitchensis tree pro- files. An improved definition of the original S-N curve data by Bao and Gibson (1996) would sig- nificantly enhance accuracy of the LCF model. Further understanding and model predictive accu- racy may be improved by the application of the appropriate load-spectra stress-cycle history data of the tree profile to the Palmgren and Miner Cumula- tive damage rule, which incorporates fatigue dam- age caused by various stress cycles and magnitudes. Acknowledgments. The author would like to thank Tania Leigh, Ph.D., for her advice on certain aspects of the contents to this paper and to Jayme Leigh who helped with the tree survey and the con- struction of the finite element models. LITERATURE CITED Bao, Z., C. Eckelmann, and H. Gibson. 1996. Fatigue strength and allowable design stresses for some wood composites used in fur- niture. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 54:377–382. Clorius, O.C. 2002. 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Germany. Leigh: Low Cycle Fatigue Failure in Hurricane Winds Gaffrey, D. 1999. Simulated Stress Distribution in a Stem of a 64 year old Douglas fir. Applying a 3D: Tree Load Model. Institute of Forest Biometry, University of Gottingen, Germany. Gong, M., and I. Smith. 2000. Failure mechanism of soſtwood under low cycle fatigue load in compression parallel to grain. Faculty of Forestry. University of New Brunswick, Canada. 8 pp. Hackel, H. 1993. Meteorologie. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Hall, B. 2012. British Meteorological Office. Holland, A., and A. Riordan, and E. Franklin. 2006. A simple model for simulating tornado damage in forests. Journal of Applied Meteorological Climatology 45:1597–1611 James, K., N. Haritos, and K. Ades. 2006. Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. American Journal of Botany 93(10):1522–1530. James, K., and N. Haritos. 2006. Dynamic wind loads on trees. School of Resource Management, University of Melbourne, Australia. Kane, B., R. 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Roark, J., and W. Young. 1986. Formulas for Stress and Strain, fiſth edition. McGraw-Hill, New York City, New York, U.S. Tsai, K., and M. Ansell. 1990. The Fatigue properties of wood in flexure. Journal of material science 25:865–878. ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture
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