Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40(5): September 2014 Co-Benefits Co-benefits were calculated annually and esti- mated to total $35.78 million for the 40-year pe- riod (Table 6). This value translates into $390 per tree planted and $9.75 per tree per year. Forty- eight percent of total benefits were energy savings, 29.4% rainfall interception, 13.3% air pollutant deposition, and 9.1% avoided air pollutant emis- sions from energy savings. The distribution of co-benefits was closely related to climate zone, as trees planted in the Inland climate zone account- ed for 95.5% of total co-benefits. Co-benefits per tree planted averaged $426 ($10.64 per year) in the Inland zone and $139 ($3.48 per year) in the Coastal zone, where trees were smaller, air pollut- ant concentrations lower, and building heating and cooling loads less because of the milder climate. Simulated street and yard trees accounted for 91% of total co-benefits. Although park trees were fore- cast to grow larger and survive longer than street Table 5. CO2 Stored 40 years (t) Stored/tree planted/yr (kg) Avoided 40 yrs. (t) Avoided/tree planted/yr (kg) Stored + avoided 40 yrs. (t) Stored + avoided/tree/yr (kg) street 3,557 10.7 3,091 9.3 6,648 19.9 Inland street Coastal park 295 and yard trees, they were not as extensively planted (13.6%) and did not provide energy savings and associated avoided power-plant emissions. By shading residential buildings and lowering summertime air temperatures, MTLA plantings were projected to reduce costs for air conditioning by $17.39 million. However, this cooling savings was partially offset by increased heating costs valued at $137,946. Despite this cost, net energy sav- ings were projected to be $17.25 million for the 40 years (Table 6). The average annual energy co- benefit per tree planted over 40 years was $4.70. By intercepting rainfall in their crowns, MTLA trees were projected to reduce stormwater run- off and protect water quality. Over the 40-year span, trees were estimated to intercept approxi- mately 5.5 million m3 ecosystem service was valued at $2.86. Total 73,703 20.1 0.0 1,320 24.1 0.0 19,626 44.2 101,679 27.7 175,381 47.8 stored and emissions avoided for street, park, and yard locations in Coastal and Inland climate zones. Coastal Inland park 36,821 19.1 69,762 36.2 106,584 55.4 1,320 24.1 0 19,626 44.2 0 Coastal yard 703 9.7 558 7.7 1,261 17.4 Inland yard 11,675 13.9 28,268 33.6 39,942 47.4 Table 6. Co-benefits in resource units (RUs) and U.S. dollars calculated over the 40-year period for street, park, and yard locations. Service Electricity (MWh) Natural gas (GJ) Total energy NO2 PM10 SO2 Interception (m3 O3 PM10 SO2 Total deposition NO2 ) deposited (t) deposited (t) deposited (t) deposited (t) avoided (t) avoided (t) avoided (t) VOC avoided (t) Total avoided emissions Total $ $/tree planted $/tree planted/yr Street (RUs) 116,909 -12,557 3,190,314 154 60 85 6 304 140 77 15 48 279 1,142,893 57 22 31 2 113 Park (RUs) Yard (RUs) 46,598 -9,208 1,191,228 57 22 31 2 112 56 31 6 19 111 Total (RUs) 163,507 -21,764 5,524,435 268 103 147 11 529 195 107 21 67 390 Street ($) 12,432,065 -79,587 12,352,478 6,068,102 1,277,096 492,788 932,360 34,481 2,736,726 1,197,359 839,679 81,289 204,339 2,322,666 23,479,972 416 10.40 3,191,315 256 6.40 2,173,827 479,053 180,363 345,658 12,414 1,017,488 Park ($) Yard ($) 4,955,224 -58,359 4,896,865 2,265,762 480,263 185,648 342,735 12,961 1,021,607 479,798 333,964 32,395 82,090 928,248 9,112,481 399 9.97 Total ($) 17,387,289 -137,946 17,249,343 10,507,691 2,236,412 1,620,753 4,775,820 1,677,157 858,799 59,856 1,173,644 113,684 286,429 3,250,914 35,783,768 390 9.75 of rainfall. The value of this estimated at $10.5 mil- lion. The average annual interception rate per tree planted over 40 years was 1.5 m3 ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture
September 2014
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