Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 the September harvest was there ever a negative result associated with MB. In all other instances, MB performed as well as or better than the PG or BC treatments. The MB treatment is far easier to install as mulch weighs less than pea gravel and is easier to transport. From an economic perspective, in most cases it can be procured for no or minimal cost from arborists. This is also an opportunity for growers to reuse and recycle wood waste material into a growing medium. The MB treatment received half the water that the PG and BC treatments received. Depending on water source, the water cost savings could be sig- nificant over time as well as being a more responsible use of water resources. This reduction in water wasn’t a detriment to the health of the trees and is viewed as a positive by the authors. The MB treatment deserves further investigation as there are likely differences among mulches with regards to species, C:N, size of particle, and other variables. Although not initially an objective of this project, finding that root volume estimates from the water dis- placement method correlate well with dry biomass is helpful. Water volume displacement can be measured multiple times on the same plant over time, which could be helpful for certain experiments where this would be desirable. Dry biomass measurements are easier and faster, but require destruction of the plant being measured. LITERATURE CITED Appleton, B., and J. Flott. 2009. Bare root to bare root—Coming full circle. In: The Landscape Below Ground III—Proc. Int. Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. pp. 182-190. G. Watson, L. Costello, B. Scharenbroch, and E. Gilman (Eds). International Society of Arboriculture, Cham- paign, Illinois, U.S.A. Bohnert, C.A., C. Starbuck, and S. Anderson. 2008. Amending a gravel based growing medium with calcined clay improves physical properties and seedling growth. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 26(3): 149-156. Gilman, E.F., C. Harchick, and M. Paz. 2010. Effect of container type on root form and growth of red maple. Journal of Envi- ronmental Horticulture 28(1): 1-7. Johnson, A.G. 1983. A nondestructive method for measuring the volume of container-grown conifers. Journal of Environmen- tal Horticulture 1(2): 34-35. Marshall, M.D., and E.F. Gilman. 1998. Effects of nursery con- tainer type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum L. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16(1): 55-59. Scharenbroch, B.C., E.N. Meza, M. Catania, and K. Fite. 2013. Biochar and biosolids increase tree growth and improve soil quality for urban landscapes. Journal of Environmental Quality 42(5): 1372-1385. Starbuck, C., D.K. Struve, and H. Mathers. 2005. Bareroot and balled-and-burlapped red oak and green ash can be summer transplanted using the Missouri gravel bed system. HorTech- nology 15(1): 122-127. Watson, G.W., and E.B. Himelick. 2013. The Practical Science of Planting Trees. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. pp. 250. Zwart, D.C., and S.H. Kim. 2012. Biochar amendment increases resistance to stem lesions caused by phytophthora spp. in tree seedlings. HortScience 47(12): 1736-1740. Kelby Fite (corresponding author) Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories 13768 Hamilton Rd. Charlotte, NC 28278, U.S.A.
[email protected] Liza Holmes Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories 13768 Hamilton Rd. Charlotte, NC 28278, U.S.A. Elden LeBrun Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories 13768 Hamilton Rd. Charlotte, NC 28278, U.S.A. Résumé. Les défauts de racines causées par les pratiques cultura- les en pépinière influencent la performance des arbres à court et long terme ainsi que leur capacité de survie. Le système des lits de gravier Missouri (LGM), une méthode de production qui uti- lise le gravier comme substrat, a été utilisé afin de prévenir l’oc- currence de plusieurs de ces déficiences. La méthode LGM implique la plantation de plants à racines nues dans un lit de gravier avec une irrigation fréquente de type goutte à goutte, de manière à développer un système racinaire avec relativement peu de défauts. Les méthodes de production LGM ont également été présentées comme permettant la plantation estivale de plusieurs espèces, en opposition à la traditionnelle plantation d’arbres en état de dor- mance. Puisque le gravier possède une faible capacité de réten- tion de l’eau et des nutriments, du biocharbon (5% du volume) a été incorporé dans une parcelle comme un moyen potentiel d’améliorer la capacité de rétention de l’eau et des nutriments du substrat, de préférence au gravier utilisé seul. Le paillis de cope- aux de bois fut également étudié comme substrat de croissance à la place du gravier. En 2015, trois espèces—le chêne bicolore (Quercus bicolor), le taxode chauve (Taxodium distichum) et le tilleul à petites feuilles (Tilia cordata)—furent étudiées dans des milieux de croissance distincts: des gravillons; du biocharbon amendé avec des gravillons; et du paillis de copeaux de bois. Très peu de différences furent observées durant la saison de croissance tant pour les paramètres de surface que pour ceux du sol, mon- trant que les copeaux de bois, très peu onéreux sinon gratuits et aisément disponibles, devraient être envisagé comme substrat de croissance. 333 ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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