Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 The Fv/Fm data which are indicative of photosyn- thetic efficiency showed no significant differences between species. A healthy tree should have Fv/Fm readings between 0.78 and 0.85 (Maxwell and John- son 2000; Percival 2005). E. polyanthemos and L. confertus were within this range in compacted and uncompacted soils, but C. maculata, O. europaea, Q. palustris, and W. floribunda were below 0.78, indicat- ing that they were unhealthy and stressed, which did not correspond with data suggesting that they were growing well. Data were collected over several days in mid-autumn to avoid the high levels of solar radia- tion and stress associated with summer. The Fv/Fm values often failed to correlate with the VTAs of the survey. While many trees were close to the 0.78 value for healthy trees, few achieved it. Some trees in excel- lent condition had ratios as low as 0.68, and clearly stressed trees ranged from 0.68 to 0.74, suggesting that further work is required to establish benchmark ratios for Fv/Fm for Australian species and conditions. While comparisons between species were expected to reveal the significant differences between root and aboveground growth that the experiment and survey revealed, the data are important as they inform deci- sions about street tree selection. There are clear dis- tinctions between which species grow fastest and which do better in compacted soils, and so certain species would be better choices than others for rapid and more cost-effective street tree establishment. LITERATURE CITED Acquaah, G. 1999. Horticulture: Principles and Practices. Pearson College Div, London, United Kingdom. Beer, R., S. Frank, and G. Waters. 2001. Overview of Street Tree Populations in Melbourne—Turn of the 21st Century. Horti- cultural Project Report, Burnley College, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Bühler, O., P. Kristoffersen, and S.U. Larson. 2007. Growth of street trees in Copenhagen with emphasis on the effect of dif- ferent establishment concepts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(5): 330-337. Cass, A., D. Maschmedt, and J. Chapman. 1998. Soil assess- ment—Sampling and testing. The Australian Grapegrower and Winemaker (413): 13-16. Coder, K.D. 1998. Root growth control: Managing perceptions and realities. pp. 51-81. In: D. Neely and G. Watson (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground II: Proceedings of an Interna- tional Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Craul, P.J. 1992. Urban Soil in Landscape Design. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S.A. 251 Craul, T.A., and P.J. Craul. 2006. Soil Design Protocols for Landscape Architects and Contractors. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A. Day, S.D., P.E. Wiseman, S.B. Dickinson, and J.R. Harris. 2010. Tree root ecology in the urban environment and implications for a sustainable rhizosphere. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(5): 193-205. Fitzgerald, A. 2003. The Arboriculture of Significant Trees in Melbourne. Institute of Land and Food Resources, The Uni- versity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Fitzgerald, A. 2012. The root system and canopy relationships in urban trees: Doctoral thesis, School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Gregory, A.S., C.W. Watts, W.R. Whalley, H.L. Kuan, B.S. Griffiths, P.D. Hallett, and A.P. Whitmore. 2007. Physical resilience of soil to field compaction and the interactions with plant growth and microbial community structure. European Journal of Soil Science 58(6): 1221-1232. Gregory, P.J. 2006. Plant Roots: Growth, Activity, and Interaction with Soils. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom. 318 pp. Handreck, K.A., and N.D. Black. 1999. Growing Media for Ornamental Plants and Turf. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia. Hascher, W., and C.E. Wells. 2007. Effects of soil decompaction and amendment on root growth and architecture in Red Maple (Acer rubrum). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(6): 428-432. Hazelton, P., and B. Murphy. 2011. Understanding Soils in Urban Environments. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, Australia. Jutras, P., S.O. Prasher, and G.R. Mehuys. 2010. Appraisal of key abiotic parameters affecting street tree growth. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(1): 1-10. Kozlowski, T.T. 1999. Soil compaction and growth of woody plants. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 14(6): 596-619. Lichter, J.M., and L.R. Costello. 1994. An evaluation of volume excavation and core sampling techniques for measuring soil bulk density. Journal of Arboriculture 20(3): 160-164. Lonsdale, D. 2001. Principles of Tree Hazard Assessment and Management. Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, London, United Kingdom. Maxwell, K., and G.N. Johnson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluores- cence—A practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany 51(345): 659-668. Moore, G.M. 2003. Native trees: The value of selection. pp. 44-52. Proceedings of the Fourth National Street Tree Symposium. University of Adelaide/Waite Arboretum, Adelaide, Australia. Moore, G.M. 2013. Adaptations of Australian trees relevant to water scarcity in the urban forest. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(3): 110-117. Percival, G.C. 2005. The use of chlorophyll fluorescence to identify chemical and environmental stress in leaf tissue of three Oak (Quercus) species. Journal of Arboriculture 31(5): 215-227. Perry, T.O., and G. Hennen. 1989. The forest underground. In: G. Moll and S. Ebenreck(Eds.). Shading our Cities: A Resource Guide for Urban and Community Forests. Island Press, Washington, DC, U.S.A. ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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