Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 Coutts, M.P., C.C.N. Nielson, and B.C. Nicoll. 1999. The devel- opment of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structure root system of conifers. Plant and Soil 217(1-2): 1-15. Danjon, F., H. Sinoquet, C. Godin, and M. Drexhage. 1999. Characterization of structural tree root architecture using 3D digitising and AMAPmod software. Plant and Soil 211(2): 241-258. Di Iorio, A., B. Lasserre, G. Scippa, and D. Chiatante. 2007. Pattern of secondary thickening in a Quercus cerris root system. Tree Physiology 27(3): 407-412. Eis, S. 1974. Root system morphology of western hemlock, western red cedar and Douglas fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4(1): 28-38. Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd Ed. J. Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, U.S. 246 pp. Fayle, D.C.F. 1968. Radial Growth in Tree Roots: Distribution, Timing, Anatomy. Technical Report No. 9. Faculty of For- estry, University of Toronto. 25 pp. Gartner, B.L. 1997. Trees have higher longitudinal growth strains in their stems than in their roots. International Journal of Plant Sciences 158(4): 418-423. Genet, M., A. Stokes, F. Salin, S.B. Mickovski, T. Fourcaud, J. Dumail, and R. van Beek. 2005. The influence of cellu- lose content on tensile strength in tree roots. Plant and Soil 278(1-2): 1-9. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 2017. Chapter 22. Design options to integrate urban tree root zones and pavement support within a shared soil volume. pp. 323-336. In: F. Ferrini, C. Konijnendijk van den Bosch, and A. Fini (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Urban Forestry. Routledge, Abingdon, United Kingdom. Grabosky, J., and N. Gucunski. 2011. A method for simulation of upward root growth pressure in compacted sand. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 37(1): 27-34. Grabosky, J.C., E.T. Smiley, and G.A. Dahle. 2011. Observed symmetry and force of Plantanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. roots occurring between foam layers under pavement. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(1): 35-40. Lyford, W.H. 1980. Development of the Roots System of North- ern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.). Harvard Forest Paper No. 21. Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 32 pp. Mattheck, C., K. Bethge, and K. Weber. 2015. The Body Language of Trees: Encyclopedia of Visual Tree Assessment. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany. pp. 279-304. Mudrick, S.P. 1990. Sidewalk displacement: Fullerton grinds out a solution. Public Works August 1990: 50-51. Nicoll, B.C., and A.J. Dunn. 2000. The effects of wind speed and direction on radial growth of structural roots. pp. 219- 225. In: A. Stokes (Ed.). The Supporting Roots of Trees and Woody Plants: Form, Function and Physiology. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, Vol 87. Springer, Dordrecht, Berlin, Germany. Nicoll, B.C., and D. Ray. 1996. Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions. Tree Physiology 16(11-12): 891-898. Nielson, C.N. 2009. A comparison of sinker root development in urban and forest trees. pp. 266-275. In: G. Watson, L. 295 Costello, B. Scharenbroch, and E. Gilman (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground III: Proceedings on an Interna- tional Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. The Morton Arboretum. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Randrup, T.B., E.G. McPherson, and L.R. Costello. 2001. A review of tree root conflicts with sidewalks, curbs, and roads. Urban Ecosystems 5: 209-225. Siefer, J. 2018. Personal communication on soil density at Shalersville, OH research site. May 04, 2018. Smiley, E.T. 2008. Root pruning and stability of young willow oak. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(2): 123-128. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. Accessed [11/17/2018].
Stokes, A. 2002. Chapter 10: Biomechanics of tree root anchorage. pp. 269-286. In: Y. Waisel, A. Eshel, T. Beeck- man, and U. Kafkafi (Eds.). Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, 3rd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. 1136 pp. Vogel, S. 1996. Blowing in the wind: Storm resisting factors of the design of trees. Journal of Arboriculture 22(2): 92-98. Weber, K., and C. Mattheck. 2005. Die doppelnatur der wur- zelplatte. Allgemeine forst- und Jagdzeitung 176: 77-85. Wilson, B.F. 1964. Structure and growth of woody roots of Acer rubrum L. Harvard Forest Paper No. 11. Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 16 pp. Wilson, B.F. 1975. Distribution and secondary thickening in tree root systems. pp. 197-219. In: J.G. Torrey and D.T. Clarkson (Eds.). The Development and Function of Roots. Academic Press Inc., London, United Kingdom. Zhang, C., L. Chen, and J. Jiang. 2014. Why fine tree roots are stronger than thicker roots: The role of cellulose and lignin in relation to slope stability. Geomorphology 206: 196-202. Jason Grabosky (corresponding author) Rutgers University Dept. Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A. 848-932-0050 [email protected] Résumé. En 2010 puis en 2016, des racines d’ Acer saccharinum et d’ Acer rubrum furent récoltées et transformées en sections sériées transversales afin d’observer la modélisation de la croissance transversale radiale en réaction au vent. Des arbres situés en bordure d’une plantation et d’autres localisés à l’intérieur de celle-ci furent sélectionnés et des racines croissant au vent et sous le vent furent prélevées en vue d’une analyse comparative. Bien que certaines observations suggéraient une réaction à l’exposition éolienne, elles ne furent pas concluantes. Aucune différence ne fut observée, particulièrement pour la comparaison entre les racines croissant au vent et sous le vent en termes de la grosseur des racines ou de la modélisation de la croissance radiale et ce, ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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