Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2019. 45(6):237–238 URBAN FORESTRY ARBORICULTURE Scientific Journal of the International Society of Arboriculture & Landscape Below Ground IV: Introduction to a Special Issue By Gary Watson Abstract. This special issue is dedicated to research presented at the 2018 Landscape Below Ground IV conference. We describe highlights from the ten original research articles included in this issue. With these articles, we aim to support the advancement of tree care practices and inform managers and policymakers to choose, site, plant, and care for healthier, longer-lived trees by focusing on their critical and vulnerable root systems and the soil that surrounds them. Keywords. Anchorage; Infrastructure; Root Development; Site Design; Stability; Tree Planting and Establishment. 237 This special issue is dedicated to research presented at the Landscape Below Ground IV conference held in October 2018 in Lisle, Illinois. That event was presented jointly by The Morton Arboretum and the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Previous Landscape Below Ground conferences were held in 1993, 1998, and 2008. Over the last 25 years, the Landscape Below Ground has become a premier outlet for the dissemination of research that supports tree care practices, and the impact has been significant. For example, today, structural soils are com- monly used to support both stable pavements and healthy tree roots, but they were a new innovation when presented at the first Landscape Below Ground conference. Landscape Below Ground IV featured an impressive international group of 49 presenters from nine countries, conducting and applying the latest research on urban roots and soils. This information will help practitioners, managers, and policymakers choose, site, plant, and care for healthier, longer-lived trees by focusing on their critical and vulnera- ble root systems and the soil that surrounds them. Below we summarize the ten articles featured in this special issue, representing five of the six topics included in the Landscape Below Ground IV conference program and proceedings. The full proceedings documenting the remaining presentations will be published by ISA so that this wealth of information is captured and readily available to researchers and practitioners alike. Root Development and Management Root growth of trees is affected by the soil environment, which can be much more challenging in urban areas than in natural sites. Abiotic factors, including soil penetration resistance, temperature, aeration, moisture, and chemistry interact with biotic factors, such as mycorrhizal fungi, to affect root growth. Moore et al. investigated the ability of tree species to cope with compacted soils. The results suggest that careful species selection and soil amelioration for species prone to the effects of compaction would facilitate street tree establishment. The root growth of six species of trees grown in loam and loam-over-compacted-clay soil profiles was assessed (Hewitt et al.). Fine root density of all species decreased with depth except American elm (Ulmus americana). Root growth was reduced more by high soil moisture and reduced aeration than soil texture and compaction. Anchorage and Stability Interest in the biomechanics of tree stability and resulting risk assessment has grown considerably. Static and dynamic assessment techniques and tools continue to improve. Mech- anisms of stability and failure are now becoming better understood. Johnson et al. assessed the intensity and degree of dam- age inflicted on urban trees by wind loading events. Both long-term, opportunistic gathering of wind loading events and accompanying damage to trees, and a case study of one storm in one city on one day revealed critical preexist- ing conditions that leave trees vulnerable to whole tree losses. The consequences of deep planting on tree stability of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Patmore’) trees were ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
November 2019
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