Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 301 certain depths. Greater root density and shoot growth were found for trees in porous asphalt. Future studies including more replicates, a randomized design, and a greater diver- sity of tree species will be helpful in adding to this body of knowledge. For practitioners, it is essential that when trees are planted in conventional, nonporous pavement open- ings, adequate access to precipitation must be designed into the system if irrigation is not used. LITERATURE CITED Armson, D., P. Stringer, and A.R. Ennos. 2013. The effect of street trees and amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manchester, UK. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12(3): 282-286. Bassuk, N., J. Grabosky, A. Mucciardi, and G. Raffel. 2011. Ground-penetrating radar accurately locates tree roots in two soil media under pavement. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37(4): 160. Ferguson, K. Bruce. 2005. Porous Pavements. Chapter 12, Porous Asphalt. pp. 457-512. CRC. Taylor & Francis Group, Florida, U.S.A. Grabosky, J., and N.L. Bassuk. 1996. Testing of structural urban tree soil materials for use under pavement to increase street tree rooting volumes. Journal of Arboriculture 22(6): 255-263. Grabosky, J., N. Bassuk, L. Irwin, and H. Van Es. 2001. Shoot and root growth of three tree species in sidewalks. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19(4): 206-211. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 2017. Design options to integrate urban tree root zones and pavement support within a shared soil volume. pp. 323-336. In: Routledge Handbook of Urban Forestry. Routledge, Abingdon, United Kingdom. Figure 5. Root density per linear foot of Accolade™ Elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica ‘Morton’) at three depths in porous and nonporous pavement in 2012, 2015, and 2016. Matching letters indicate difference by treatment (porous vs. nonporous) for each depth category. it was not possible to measure soil moisture under the two pavements, root growth density per linear foot was greater in trees under porous asphalt, likely allowing for greater water uptake and shoot growth. It is possible that, had the opening around the trees in nonporous asphalt been greater, adequate water might have been available. Both growing media were identical in this study, with similar available water-holding capacity ranges suggesting that the quantity of water entering the system was the likely limiting factor. This study offers meaningful insights into how Acco- lade™ Elms respond to growing under varying pavement types in an authentic urban environment. While the techni- cal replicates per treatment in this study (n = 2) were rela- tively low, the results show clear differences by pavement treatments. In this installation, roots were more numerous for trees grown under porous asphalt than under nonporous asphalt at Grabosky, J., and N. Gucunski. 2019. Modelling the influence of root position and growth on pavement tensile crack failure when occurring under three thicknesses of asphaltic concrete. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 41: 238-247. Morgenroth, J. 2010. The effect of porous concrete paving on underlying soil conditions and growth of Platanus orientalis. PhD Thesis. University of Canterbury, School of Forestry, New Zealand. Mucciardi, A. 2018. TreeRadar, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A. New York State Stormwater Design Manual. 2010. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Section 2 page 3. Proctor, R.R. 1933. Description of field and laboratory methods. Engineering News-Record 111(10): 286-289. Shuster, W.D., J. Bonta, H. Thurston, E. Warnemuende, and D.R. Smith. 2005. Impacts of impervious surface on water- shed hydrology: A review. Urban Water Journal 2(4): 263-275. US Climate Data for Ithaca New York. 2018. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2017. What Is Green Infrastructure? ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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