Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 are multiple ways to achieve the goal of low-density soil beneath pavement including not paving over the soil surface and providing a bridge over the surface with low-density soil beneath. Our research did not point to a “best product” to achieve this goal. Rather, this study reinforces the idea that any of the methods that provide support for the intended load and keep the load off the growing media worked well. When designing and installing a supported pavement sys- tem, it should be kept in mind that low-density soils will self-compact to some degree, resulting in a sub- sidence and the formation of a gap between the soil surface and the bottom of the pavement. That gap can provide habitat for unwelcome urban wildlife. LITERATURE CITED Alameda, D., and R. Villar. 2009. Moderate soil compaction: Implication on growth and architecture in seedlings of 17 wood plant species. Soil and Tillage Research 103: 325-331. Bassuk, N., B.R. Denig, T. Haffner, J. Grabosky, and P. Trow- bridge. 2015. CU-Structural Soil® A Comprehensive Guide. Urban Horticulture Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 56 pp. Couenberg, E. 1994. Amsterdam tree soil. pp. 24-33. In: G. Watson and D. Neely (Eds.). Proceedings of the Landscape Below Ground Workshop. International Society of Arboriculture Press, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Fite, K., E. Kramer, B. Scharenbroch, and R. Uhlig. 2014. Beyond the Great Debate: Assessing Post Installation Manu- factured Soils Performance. Presented at the ASLA Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Francis, J.K. 1979. Yellow-Poplar Rooting Habits. Southern Forest Experiment Station Research Note SO-246. US GPO 672-802. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 1995. A new urban tree soil to safely increase rooting volumes under sidewalks. Journal of Arbo- riculture 21: 187-201. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 1996. Testing of structural urban tree soil materials for use under pavement to increase street tree rooting volumes. Journal of Arboriculture 22: 255-263. Grabosky, J., N. Bassuk, and B.Z. Marranca. 2002. Preliminary findings from measuring street tree shoot growth in two skel- etal soil installations compared to tree lawn plantings. Journal of Arboriculture 28: 106-108. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 2016. Seventeen years’ growth of street trees in structural soil compared with a tree lawn in New York City. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 16: 103-109. Kristofersen, P. 1999. Growing trees in road foundation materi- als. Arboricultural Journal 23: 57-79. Layman, R., S. Day, C. Mitchell, D.Y. Chen, R. Harris, and W. Daniels. 2016. Below ground matters: Urban soil rehabilita- tion increases tree canopy and speeds establishment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 16: 25-35. Loh, F., J. Grabosky, and N. Bassuk. 2003. Growth response of Ficus benjamina to limited soil volume and soil dilution in a skeletal soil container study. Urban Forest & Urban Green- ing 2: 53-62. 313 Ostberg, J. 2014. Structural soils as storm water magazines— Hornsgatan in Stockholm. University of Copenhagen, Con- ference on Structural Soils. Accessed March 2017. Rahman, M.A. 2013. Effect of pit design and soil composition on performance of Pyrus calleryana street trees in the estab- lishment period. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39: 256-266. Rolf, K. 1991. Soil improvement and increased growth response from subsoil cultivation. Journal of Arboriculture 17: 200-204. Smiley, E.T. 2008. Comparison of method to reduce sidewalk damage from tree roots. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34: 179-183. Smiley, E.T., L. Calfee, B.R. Fraedrich, and E.J. Smiley. 2006. Comparison of structural and non-compacted soils for trees surrounded by pavement. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32: 164-169. Solfjeld, I. 2014. Structural soil research and examples from Nor- way. University of Copenhagen, Conference on Structural Soils. Accessed March 2017. Stockholm. 2009. Planting Beds in the City of Stockholm—A Handbook. Accessed August 2018. Urban, J. 2008. Up by Roots, Healthy Soil and Trees in the Built Environment. International Society of Arboriculture Press, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. 479 pp. Urban, J., and E.T. Smiley. 2014. Evaluation of Established Trees—Structural Soils and Suspended Pavement. Presented at the International Society of Arboriculture Conference Mil- waukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Watson, G., A. Hewitt, M. Custic, and M. Lo. 2014. The man- agement of tree root systems in urban and suburban settings: A review of soil influence on root growth. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40: 193-217. Wenz, E. 2012. Structural Soils for Storm Water. Green Infra- structure for Clean Water. Minnesota Landscape Arboretum. Accessed August 2018. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge the contributions to the research by: Robert Bartlett Jr., James Ingram, Dr. Bruce Fraedrich, Dr. Chad Rigsby, Liza Holmes, Sean Henry, Chris Bechtel, Scott Hicklin, Elden Lebrun, Matt Story, Chris Brackett, Jason Patter- son, Jason Ball, Dr. Lisa Calfee, Laura Johnson, Greg Paige, Jarod Faas, Emily Faas, Ethan Stewart, and Imogene Mole of the Bartlett Research Laboratories in Charlotte, NC; Jerry Dunaway, Bill Hawkins, Arthur Cashin, Matt Kocian, Roger Bergh, and Brian Whitiker of the Fiberweb Polymer Group in Old Hickory, TN; Chuck Fredrick and Debbie Stringer of Carolina Stalite Co.; Ben Gooden, Joe Gooden, and Craig Melvin of CityGreen; Robert Pine of Pine and Swallow Environmental in Groton, MA; Al Key, Brenda Guglielmina, and Graham Ray of the Deep Root Com- pany in San Francisco, CA; Dr. Gary Watson of the Morton Arbo- retum in Lisle, IL; Dean and Dale Campbell of Campbell ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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