Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(6): November 2019 CONCLUSION These experiments suggest that both pipe condition and species root architecture impact the incidence of PVC pipe penetration by tree roots. The wider the crack, or the more numerous the holes, the more likely they will be penetrated. However, root architecture also has a role to play, with species that have many fine roots being more likely to access holes and cracks than species with large, single tap or vertical roots. The use of properly installed PVC piping is likely to result in fewer pipe penetrations in future, but when planting street trees over older and deteriorating pipes, it would be wise to consider root architecture when choosing appropriate species for planting. LITERATURE CITED Bradshaw A., B. Hunt, and T. Walmsley. 1995. Trees in the Urban Landscape: Principles and Practice. E. and F.N. Spon (Chapman and Hall), London, United Kingdom. Coder, K.D. 1998. Root growth control: Managing perceptions and realities. pp. 51-81. In: D. Neely and G.W. Watson (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground II: Proceedings of a Second International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Craul, P.J. 1994. Soil compaction on heavily used sites. Journal of Arboriculture 20(2): 69-74. Davis, A.P., M. Shokouhian, H. Sharma, and C. Minami. 2006. Water quality improvement through bioretention media: Nitro- gen and phosphorus removal. Water Environment Research 78(3): 284-293. Denman, E.C. 2009. An experimental assessment of the potential role of street trees in urban biofiltration systems. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Denman, E.C, P.B. May, and G.M. Moore. 2011. The use of trees in urban stormwater management. Paper presented at the The 12th National Street Tree Symposium, Adelaide, Australia. Dodge, L., and J. Geiger. 2003. Tree roots and sidewalk damage. Western Arborist 29(3): 28-29. Hannah, B., and P. Yau. 1990. Street tree root damage to built structures: A Melbourne experience. Melbourne: Parks and Gardens Division, Melbourne City Council. Jacobs, M.R. 1955. Growth Habits of the Eucalypts. A.J. Arthur, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, Australia. Kawasaki, Y., S. Matsuo, Y. Kanayama, and K. Kanahama. 2014. Effect of root-zone heating on root growth and activity, nutri- ent uptake, and fruit yield of tomato at low air temperatures. Journal of the Japanese Society of Horticultural Science 83: 295-301. Koepke, T., and A. Dhingra. 2013. Rootstock scion somatogenetic interactions in perennial composite plants. Plant Cell Reports 32: 1321-1337. Kozlowski, T. 1992. Growth of tree roots in urban environments. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Burnley Centenary Conference: The Scientific Management of Plants in the Urban Environment, The Centre for Urban Horticulture, Australia. 325 Kurpaska, S., Z. Slipek, B. Bozek, and J. Fraczek. 2005. Simula- tion of heat and moisture transfer in the greenhouse substrate due to a heating system by buried pipes. Biosystems Engineer- ing 90: 63-74. Lesser, L.M. 2001. Hardscape damage by tree roots. Journal of Arboriculture 27(5): 272-276. Lichter, J.M., and P.A. Lindsey. 1994. Soil compaction and site constructions: Assessment and case studies. pp. 126-130. In: D. Neely and G.W. Watson (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, Illinois, U.S.A. Lohr, V.I., C.H. Pearson-Mims, J. Tarnai, and D.A. Dillman. 2004. How urban residents rate and rank the benefits and problems associated with trees in cities. Journal of Arbori- culture 30(1): 28-35. McPherson, E.G., and P.J. Peper. 1994. Infrastructure repair costs associated with street trees in 15 cities. pp. 49-63. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (Eds.). Trees and Building Sites: Pro- ceedings of an International Workshop on Trees and Buildings. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, Illinois, U.S.A. Nakamura, M., C.S. Kiefer, and M. Grebe. 2012. Planar polarity and planar morphogenesis in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 15: 593-600 Perry, T.O. 1982. The ecology of tree roots and the practical sig- nificance thereof. Journal of Arboriculture 8(8): 197-211. Pohls, O. 2001. The analysis of tree root blockages in sewer lines and prevention methods. M. App. Sc. thesis, University of Melbourne, Institute of Land and Food Resources. Randrup, T., E. McPherson, and L. Costello. 2001. Tree root intrusion in sewer systems: Review of extent and costs. Jour- nal of Infrastructure Systems 7: 26-31. Ridgers, D., K. Rolf, and O. Stal. 2006. Management and planning solutions to lack of resistance to root penetration by modern PVC and concrete sewer pipes. Arboricultural Journal 29: 269-290. Roberts, J., N. Jackson, and M. Smith. 2006. Tree Roots in the Built Environment. The Stationery Office Limited, Norwich, United Kingdom Rolf, K., O. Stal, and H. Schroeder. 1995. Tree roots and sewer systems. pp. 68-77. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (Eds.). Trees and Building Sites: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Trees and Buildings. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, Illinois, U.S.A. Sawchuk, M.G., and E. Scarpella. 2013. Polarity, continuity and alignment in plant vascular strands. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 55: 824-834. Stal, O., and K. Rolf. 1998. Tree roots and infrastructure. pp. 125-130. In: D. Neely and G.W. Watson (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground II: Proceedings of a Second International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. Inter- national Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Urban, J. 2008. Up by Roots: Healthy Soils and Trees in the Built Environment. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Watson, G.W., A.M. Hewitt, M. Custic, and M. Lo. 2014. The management of tree root systems in urban and suburban set- tings II. A review of strategies to mitigate human impacts. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 40(5): 249-271. ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
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