Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(4): July 2022 Table 2. Species-specific prediction models of trunk flare diameter (TFD) using diameter at breast height (DBH) with (a) all trees under each individual species and (b) only trees with protruding roots and/or flares. R2 (a) All trees under each individual species A. moluccanus A. alexandrae B. ceiba C. equisetifolia C. burmannii D. regia F. altissima F. microcarpa L. speciosa M. cajuputi M. × alba P. serratifolia S. campanulata X. chrysanthus (b) Only trees with protruding roots and/or flares A. moluccanus B. ceiba C. equisetifolia C. burmannii D. regia F. altissima F. microcarpa M. cajuputi S. campanulata The proportion of explained variance (R2 0.563 0.804 0.626 0.781 0.644 0.655 0.366 0.518 0.590 0.667 0.792 0.686 0.738 0.333 0.422 0.550 0.684 0.510 0.655 0.348 0.516 0.399 0.441 Intercept b0 −0.406 0.005 −0.136 −0.066 −0.160 −0.559 1.717 0.829 0.009 −0.090 0.048 −0.150 −0.100 0.043 −0.078 −0.099 0.224 −0.085 −0.442 1.792 0.846 0.031 0.028 ) of simple linear regression, intercept (b0 SE 0.108 0.017 0.076 0.037 0.077 0.134 0.155 0.089 0.022 0.039 0.018 0.014 0.039 0.015 0.246 0.138 0.097 0.133 0.182 0.153 0.090 0.141 0.185 b1 3.645 2.004 2.399 2.766 3.715 4.495 1.044 2.076 1.662 2.632 1.076 1.944 2.405 1.193 3.251 2.508 2.222 3.565 4.464 0.968 2.053 2.601 2.305 ), and regression coefficient of DBH (b1 Regression coefficient of DBH SE 0.361 0.131 0.219 0.135 0.336 0.381 0.178 0.178 0.160 0.169 0.100 0.177 0.145 0.209 0.703 0.364 0.274 0.533 0.486 0.174 0.721 0.479 0.506 and upper boundary values of confidence intervals (CILOW, CIUP) were computed for more conservative estimation. Significant values of R2 CILOW 2.925 1.742 1.962 2.498 3.044 3.736 0.687 1.723 1.343 2.298 0.871 1.589 2.117 0.775 1.809 1.771 1.662 2.489 3.484 0.619 1.699 1.635 1.260 CIUP 4.365 2.266 2.836 3.304 4.386 5.254 1.400 2.429 1.982 2.966 1.282 2.298 2.693 1.611 4.693 3.245 2.782 4.642 5.444 1.317 2.408 3.567 3.351 ), and its standard errors (SE) were provided. The lower and b1 underlined for easier comparison. Five species, namely A. alexandrae, L. speciosa, M. × alba, P. serratifolia, and X. chrysanthus, were excluded in (b) due to insufficient sample size. Protrusion was found on 16% to 63% of samples, except for F. altissima with 97% and excluding those with small sample sizes (A. alexandrae, L. speciosa, M. × alba, P. serratifolia, and X. chrysanthus)(Table 3). The percentages of trees with protruding roots (7% to 54%) and with protruding flares (9% to 50%) were also comparable, excluding A. alexandrae, F. altissima, L. speciosa, M. × alba, P. serratifolia, and X. chry- santhus. The majority with protrusion incidents occurred in tree pits along brick pavements, reflecting the over- all ratio of pavement material distribution (Table 1b). Protrusion was uncommon among 4 species, namely Archontophoenix alexandrae, L. speciosa, Photinia serratifolia, and X. chrysanthus (Table 3). For instance, protruding roots and/or flares were found on only 5.4% of the P. serratifolia samples. Michelia × alba even had no protruding flares and roots. These 4 species, which had small or intermediate size, had yet to develop elaborate flares (Table 1a). Prediction of Presence of Protrusion Using logistic regression, the presence of protrusion was predicted in the 3 scenarios, namely (1) protrud- ing roots only, (2) protruding flares only, and (3) pro- truding roots and/or flares as outlined in the Materials and Methods. Species-specific analyses were conducted. Nonetheless, the overall models in which all species in Table 4 were considered returned significant results. More importantly, the respective models correctly pre- dicted the presence of protrusion in 38.3%, 53.8%, and 69.8% of cases. The rate of correct prediction was improved in species-specific models. In particular, the accuracy of predicting the presence of protruding roots was elevated to a range from 39.3% to 74.2%, excluding C. equisetifolia and Ficus spp. (Table 4a). Sample size and distribution may affect prediction accuracy. Due to limited sample size, binary logistic regression was unable to be performed for A. alexan- drae, L. speciosa, M. × alba, P. serratifolia, and ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture with P < 0.05 were italicised and 223
July 2022
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