224 Lee: Prediction of Pavement Damages Associated with Urban Trees Table 3. Descriptive statistics of the length of protruding parts in 3 scenarios. Protruding roots Protruding flares A. moluccanus 0.521 A. alexandrae 0.144 B. ceiba 0.144 N/A 0.630 C. equisetifolia 0.586 C. burmannii D. regia F. altissima 0.616 0.867 1.334 F. microcarpa 1.137 L. speciosa M. cajuputi M. × alba 0.614 0.667 N/A P. serratifolia 0.658 S. campanulata 0.484 X. chrysanthus 0.631 Total 0.896 5 1 0.574 0.236 28 0.578 0.148 8 0.623 0.232 28 0.708 0.495 24 1.227 0.522 47 0.989 1.102 42 0.495 0.342 0 0.590 0.325 12 N/A N/A 0.658 0.042 0.406 0.173 0.631 N/A 0 1 5 1 0.725 0.739 202 15 0 0 0 3 3 1 20 1 28 8 26 5 6 0 1 4 0 64 31 27 48 68 5 18 0 2 9 1 266 0.736 0.178 0.589 0.530 0.537 0.794 1.290 1.060 0.369 0.607 N/A 0.350 0.519 N/A 0.854 0.723 0.289 0.178 0.018 6 2 0.626 0.208 21 0.490 0.199 16 0.548 0.147 20 0.613 0.471 29 1.207 0.425 50 1.042 0.387 41 0.292 0.252 0.572 0.297 N/A N/A 0.350 N/A 0.469 0.317 N/A N/A 3 6 0 1 5 0 0.748 0.454 200 8 0 1 0 3 8 1 14 2 19 4 5 0 0 9 0 58 22 16 23 37 51 60 7 11 0 1 14 0 258 0.626 0.167 0.628 0.564 0.627 0.870 1.419 1.225 0.468 0.666 N/A Protruding roots and/or flares Mean Median SD Brick Concrete Total Mean Median SD Brick Concrete Total Mean Median SD Brick Concrete Total 0.489 0.153 0.555 0.527 0.631 0.899 0.555 0.249 0.165 0.024 0.584 0.237 0.536 0.192 0.628 0.196 0.689 0.500 1.306 0.472 1.099 0.999 0.414 0.337 0.603 0.304 N/A N/A 0.628 0.180 0.456 0.297 0.631 N/A 0.737 0.680 10 3 38 19 38 37 56 48 3 14 0 2 7 1 276 19 0 1 0 5 8 1 29 7 10 0 1 10 0 91 29 3 39 19 43 45 57 77 10 24 0 3 17 1 367 The 3 scenarios were namely protruding roots, protruding flares, and protruding roots and/or flares. The statistics were computed using only trees with protruding parts. For each scenario, if more than 1 protruding part was present on a tree, the length of the longest protrusion was considered. The count of pavement materials around the tree pits with pro- trusion was provided. Due to the lack of protrusion or small sample size, incomputable statistics were denoted by “N/A” for A. alexandrae, M. × alba, P. serratifolia, and X. chrysanthus. X. chrysanthus. However, for F. altissima, the outstand- ing prediction accuracy could be attributed to the fact that more than 96% of samples had protrusion (Table 4). Of the F. altissima samples recorded in this ). Also, if trees were growing in tree pits on con- crete pavement, the odds ratio of protrusion would be higher than those on brick pavement. Aleurites moluc- canus growing on concrete pavement saw an increase of 15.625 times, which was the reciprocal of the change to odd ratio by brick pavement (0.064), in the model for protruding roots only (Table 4a). Also, ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture research, 96.6% showed protruding roots and/or flares. Several species had more than half of the sam- ples featuring protruding roots and/or flares, namely B. ceiba (54.2%), Cinnamomum burmannii (63.2%), D. regia (60.8%), and F. microcarpa (61.1%). Among the species in Table 4, C. equisetifolia had the lowest proportion, with only 16.1% of samples having pro- truding roots and/or flares. DBH was a significant dendrometric predictor in many cases. Overviewing the 3 scenarios, a centime- tre increment in DBH resulted in 1.049 to 1.262 times greater odds ratio of protrusion (Table 4). Trunk lean increased the likelihood of protruding roots (Table 4a). For habitat predictors, open soil area had large positive coefficients due to the measurement unit (m2 Spathodea campanulata, which was planted in tree pits on concrete pavement, had 11.236 and 9.009 times greater likelihood of protruding roots and flares, respectively (Table 4a, 4b). These values were obtained by computing the reciprocal of the effects on odds ratio in Table 4. When protruding roots and/or flares were considered together, S. campanulata along con- crete pavement had 17.857 times greater the likeli- hood of protrusion (Table 4c). Being less permeable than brick pavement, concrete pavement might force the root system of trees to expand to harvest the required moisture and nutrients. Yet the likelihood of protruding flares of F. microcarpa along brick pave- ment was 7.659 times those of trees along concrete pavement. Prediction of Magnitude of Protrusion General models without the distinction of tree species were significant, explaining 20.7%, 57.7%, and 31.1% variation in the length of protruding roots, pro- truding flares, and protruding roots and/or flares, respectively (Table 5). Most of the species-specific models, if significant, explained more variance in the length of protruding parts than the general models. The significance of results might depend on predic- tion scenario. For B. ceiba, model significance only
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