Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is a refereed, international journal that pub- lishes high-quality research results on scientific and cultural aspects of the selection, establishment, culture, maintenance, and function of individual trees, as well as on the structure, function, and management of forests in and around human settlements. The journal welcomes reports of original research, reviews, and analyses that advance the professions of arboriculture and urban forestry. Subjects appro- priate for submission include, among others, tree biology and physiology, entomology, pathology, horticulture, biomechanics, risk management, soil science, inventory and assessment, urban forest functions and benefits, governance planning and management of urban forests, and utility forestry. To be considered for publication, manuscripts must make a significant con- tribution to the advancement of knowledge and practice of arboriculture and urban forestry and have broad applicability and interest to an interna- tional audience. Contributions will be considered in the following categories: (1) Original Articles: Original fundamental or applied research that contributes to the scientific foundations that support the disciplines of arboriculture and urban forestry. Abstracts should be structured (Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions) and are limited to 250 words. (2) Review Articles: These include literature reviews or syntheses of previous work that identify trends, designate areas for new work and/or theory development, and/or compare competing theories. Abstracts should be unstructured and are limited to 250 words. (3) Short Communications: Appropriate for original research inves- tigations that report preliminary or novel results on limited data sets, for analysis of procedures, equipment, or management systems that will lead to the improvement of best management practices, and for the introduction of novel theoretical perspectives. (4) Letters to the Editor: Letters should directly address ideas or facts presented in the Journal and should refer to material published within a year of the letter’s submission. Letters must not exceed 750 words in length and should not include tables or figures. The authors of the original publication will be given the opportunity to respond in the same issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. All manuscripts must be submitted to ScholarOne to be considered for review. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published to provide science-based infor- mation that promotes and encourages interchange of ideas among scientists, educators, and professionals working in arboriculture, urban forestry, and related disciplines. Contributions from both ISA members and nonmembers are welcome from all disciplines. Statement of Ownership Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published six times a year (bimonthly) by the Inter- national Society of Arboriculture, a nonprofit professional association, as a service to its membership. International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published by the International Society of Arboriculture, a worldwide professional organization dedicated to fostering a greater appreciation for trees and to promoting research, technology, and the professional practice of arboriculture and urban forestry. ISA Board of Directors Dana Karcher, President, Belton, Texas, USA Chris Walsh, President-Elect, Christchurch, New Zealand Tom Smiley, Vice President, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Gail Nozal, Secretary, South Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Sharon Jean-Philippe, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Christopher Boza, Chattaroy, Washington, USA Russ Carlson, Bear, Delaware, USA John Coles, Oslo, Norway John Gathright, Seto, Aichi, Japan Janine Lester, Richmond, Virginia, USA Carlos Llanos, Valle de Cauca, Colombia Samuel Ma, Hong Kong Randy Miller, Syracuse, Utah, USA Shirley Vaughn, Kent, Ohio, USA Nicolaas Verloop, Harmelen, The Netherlands Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Associate Editors L.R. Costello, University of California (Emeritus), San Francisco, California, USA Asia Dowtin, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Daniel Herms, The Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, Ohio, USA C.Y. Jim, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Daniel Marion, State University of New York–Finger Lakes, Canandaigua, New York, USA Melissa McHale, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Zhu Ning, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Eric North, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Bryant Scharenbroch, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA James Steenberg, Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Alexia Stokes, INRA, Montpellier, France Maria-Luisa Tello, Madrid Institute of Agricultural Research, Madrid, Spain Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Staff ISA CEO/Executive Director, Caitlyn Pollihan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Editor-in-Chief, Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch, Nature-Based Solutions Institute, Barcelona, Spain Managing Editor, Lindsey E. Mitchell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Director of Educational Products and Services, Jamie Vidich, Atlanta, Georgia, USA ISSN 1935-5297 (print) ISSN 2155-0778 (online) © 2022, International Society of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Copyright. Submission of a manuscript implies the work has not been previously published in a refereed journal, book, or peer-reviewed conference proceedings, and must not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should be substantially different from previously published conference proceedings, industry- oriented publications, and locally published progress or extension reports. All articles published in this journal are protected by copyright, which covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, as well as all translation rights. No material published in this journal may be reproduced without first obtaining written permis- sion from the International Society of Arboriculture. Authors of articles published in this journal retain all rights to reproduce their work for internal or academic purposes as needed. Layout, Amy K. Reiss, Curlew, Washington, USA CEU quiz, Eric North, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Cover photo by USDA NRCS Montana. https://www.flickr.com/photos/160831427@N06
January 2022
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