Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(6): November 2006 269 Figure 4. Percentage resprouting and regrowth (mean ± SE) of P. tomentosum in experiment 2 at 8 and 16 months after mistletoe removal or mistletoe removal and an application of NAA and latex paint on U. crassifolia at College Station, Texas. Data showed without transformation. Different letters between treatments within the same date indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) using LSD after data transformation. IMPLICATIONS FOR ARBORICULTURE Leafy mistletoe is serious problem for urban trees in much of the United States and in other warmer regions of the world. Practicing arborists have tried several strategies to control this parasite, but there are few methods available that provide satisfactory results. With the availability of new compounds, alternative control strategies are now available that arborists can use to help control this unsightly pest. This article pro- vides additional information about accepted control strategies and sheds light on some new alternatives that may be used to provide some control of this parasite as well as improve the health and appearance of trees. Acknowledgments. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the authors or Texas A&M University of the products named nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of the following Texas A&M University collaborators: Dr. David N. Appel, Professor of Plant Pathology; Mr. Koby Weatherford, campus urban forester; Ms. Emily King, undergraduate student; and Mr. Jeff Lehde, graduate student. LITERATURE CITED Adams, D.H., S.J. Frankel, and J.M. Lichter. 1993. Consid- erations when using ethephon for suppression dwarf and leafy mistletoe infestations in ornamental landscapes. Journal of Arboriculture 19:351–357. Aukema, J.E. 2004. Distribution and dispersal of desert mistletoe is scale-dependent, hierarchically nested. Ecog- raphy 27:137–144. Aukema, J.E., and C. Martinez del Rio. 2002. Where does a fruit-eating bird deposit mistletoe seeds? Seed deposition patterns and an experiment. Ecology 83:3489–3496. Coder, K.D. 2004. American mistletoe: Kissing under a para- site. Arborist News 13:37–44. Geils, B.W., D. Wiens, and F.G. Hawksworth. 2002. Phora- dendron in Mexico and the United States. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-98. Gilbertson, R., and R. Mathiasen. 2001. First report of Pho- radendron macrophyllum on Populus tremuloides. Plant Disease 85:1120. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 1999. Arbori- culture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 687 pp. Joyce, D.C., M.S. Reid, and R.Y. Evans. 1990. Silver thio- sulfate prevents ethylene induced abscission in holly and mistletoe. HortScience 25:90–92. Joyce, D.C., K. Rein, A.M. Berry, and M.S. Reid. 1984. Control of broadleaf mistletoe (Phoradendron tomento- sum) with dormant season ethephon sprays. Acta Horti- culturae 201:141–144. Lichter, J.M., M.S. Reid, and A.M. Berry. 1991. New meth- ods for control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron spp.) on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 17:127–130. Melgar, J. 2002. First report of Phoradendron breedlovei in Honduras. Plant Disease 86:440. Michailides, T.J., J.M. Ogawa, and S. Yoshimine. 1987. Sur- vey for and chemical control of leafy mistletoe (Phora- dendron tomentosum subsp. marcophyllum) on shade trees in Davis, California. Plant Disease 71:533–536. Norton, D.A., and M.A. Carpenter. 1998. Mistletoes as para- sites: Host specificity and speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13:101–105. Paine, L.K., and H.C. Harrison. 1992. Mistletoe: Its role in horticulture and human life. HortTechnology 2:324–330. Scharpf, R.F., and F.G. Hawksworth. 1974. Mistletoes on Hardwoods in the United States. USDA. Forest Service, ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture
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