Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(4): July 2016 251 Table 4. Mean root cross-sectional area (CSA) one year after planting Acer rubrum into landscape soil from container or field nursery. Production method Container Staking system None (control) Guying Lodgepole Terra Toggle Field None (control) Guying Lodgepole Terra Toggle Mean root CSA (mm2 17 bcz 14 c 18 bc 16 bc 18 bc 31 a 23 abc 24 ab z Means within a column with different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 5. CSA is mean of all roots greater than 2.5 mm diameter measured 5 cm beyond root ball edge in top 25 cm soil profile. CONCLUSIONS The guying tree stabilization system resulted in the tallest Acer rubrum trees with the smallest trunk di- ameter one year aſter landscape planting. However, stabilizing trees for one year aſter planting by any system tested resulted in no reduction in anchorage compared to non-stabilized controls once the tree was released from the systems. Trees planted with a soilless root ball from containers grew about the same in the first year aſter planting as those with a mineral soil root ball from a field nursery. Trees planted from containers were less well-anchored than those transplanted from a field nursery. This likely was the result of smaller diameter roots and less total root CSA on trees planted from contain- ers than those transplanted from the field nursery. Acknowledgment. Thank you to the DuPont Corporation for partial funding. LITERATURE CITED Alvey, A, P.E. Wiseman, and B. Kane. 2009. Efficacy of conventional tree stabilization systems and their effect on short-term tree development. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:157–164. Appleton, B.L. 2004. Tree stabilization at installation. Southern Nurseryman Association Annual Research Conference Pro- ceedings 49:437–440. Beeson, R.C., and E.F. Gilman. 1992. Water stress and osmotic adjustment during post-digging acclimatization of Quercus virginiana produced in fabric containers. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 10:208–214. Dana, M.N., and S.C. Blessing. 1994. Post-transplant root growth and water relations of Thuja occidentalis from field and contain- ers. In: G.W. Watson and D. Neely (Eds.). The Landscape Below Ground. Proceedings of International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arbori- culture, Savoy, Illinois, U.S. Eckstein, R. 2007. Evaluation of landscape tree stabilization sys- tems in simulated wind. Master’s thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S. Gilman, E.F. 2001. Effect of nursery production method, irrigation, and inoculation with mycorrhizae-forming fungi on establish- ment of Quercus virginiana. Journal of Arboriculture 27:30–39. Gilman, E.F., and R.C. Beeson, Jr. 1996. Nursery production meth- od affects root growth. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:88–91. Gilman, E.F., and F. Masters. 2010. Effect of tree size, root pruning, and production method on root growth and lateral stability of Quercus virginiana. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:281–291. Gilman, E.F., C. Harchick, and M. Paz. 2010. Effect of tree size, root pruning and production method on establishment of Quercus virginiana. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:183–190. Gilman, E.F. 2013. Anchorage influence by production method and root pruning. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39:1–5. Harris, J.R., and E.F. Gilman. 1993. Production method affects growth and post-transplant establishment of ‘East Palatka’ holly. Journal of American Society Horticulture Science 118:194–200. Harris, R., A.T. Leiser, and W.B. Davis. 1976. Staking landscape trees. University of California Agricultural Extension leaflet 2576. Harris, R.W., and W.D. Hamilton 1969. Staking and pruning young Myoporum laetum trees. Journal American Society for Horticul- tural Science 94:359–361. Labrosse, K.J., R.C. Corry, and Y. Zheng. 2011. Effects of tree sta- bilization systems on tree health and implications on planting specifications. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37:219–225. Leiser, A.T., and J.D. Kemper. 1968. A theoretical analysis of a critical height of staking landscape trees. American Society for Horti- cultural Science 92:713–720. Leiser, A.T., R. Harris, P. Neel, D. Long, N. Stice, and R. Maire. 1972. Staking and pruning influence trunk development of young trees. Journal of American Society Horticultural Science 97:498–503. Lindstrom, A., and G. Rune. 1999. Root deformation in plantations on container-grown Scots pine trees: Effects on root growth, tree stability, and stem straightness. Plant and Soil 217:29–37. Marler, T.E., and F.S. Davies. 1987. Growth of bare-root and con- tainer grown ‘Hamlin’ orange trees in the field. Proceedings Florida State Horticulture Society 100:89–93. Neel, P.L. 1967. Factors influencing trunk development of land- scape trees. Proceedings of the International Shade Tree Con- ference 43:293–303. Robert, J.A., and B.S. Lindgren. 2006. Relationships between root form and growth, stability, and mortality in planted versus naturally regenerated lodgepole pine in north-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:2642–2653. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture )
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