256 Nowak and Peck: Large Oriental Bittersweet Vines and Utility Arboriculture (Cornus florida), green ash (Fraxinus pennsyl- vanica), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and red oak for the East Fishkill and Stony Point plots (Peck 2014). The Lake George site was occu- pied by 40-year-old white pine (Pinus strobus). Experimental Design and Vine Treatments Study plots, which are also the “experimental units,” were established in 2011 along forest edges that contained at least 10 large (>1.3 cm diam- eter), twining (climbing to near the top of trees) vines per 100 m2 area. All plots extended 10 m into the forests and were 10 m wide for Study 1, and 30 m wide for Study 2. At least 3 m of untreat- ed buffer distance separated all plots, and com- monly this distance was greater. Experimental design for Study 1 was a randomized complete block 3 × 3 factorial on one site (Hyde Park) with herbicide concentration as one factor, and month of treatment application the second fac- tor; for Study 2, it was a randomized complete block design to test herbicide concentration on three sites (blocks) across the Hudson Valley. Treatments were based on cutting vines within 15 to 45 cm of groundline (depending on vine form and access due to neighboring vines and other plants) with a hand saw to produce a hori- zontal surface so as to maximize retention of herbi- cide on the cut surface. Ten randomly selected and tagged (numbered) large vines within each treat- ment plot were cut within each plot (numbering allowed researchers to find the treated vines over time). A total of 360 vines were treated across the two studies. One-third of the vines were cut but did not receive an herbicide treatment (cut-only treat- ment). The remainder of the cut vines had herbi- cide treatments applied to the freshly cut vines to cover the cut surface of the stump using a syringe applicator [60 cc/ml Terumo syringe without nee- dle (Terumo Medical Corporation, Somerset, New Jersey, U.S.), attached to a 15 cm length of Pri- mary IV line with a spin-lock connector (B. Braun Medical Inc., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.)]. The syringe applicator was used to provide the precise application rates required for the study (20 ml her- bicide mix per vine). However, cut-stump herbi- cide applications may also be made with backpack sprayers, pump bottles, or small spray bottles. It ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture is expected that efficacy results as reported herein would not change with application equipment. Herbicide concentrations were: 1) undi- luted Accord (53.8% glyphosate a.i.) (100% unmixed solution); and 2) diluted Accord (26.9% glyphosate a.i.) (50% solution mixed with water). Treatments were applied in late-June, mid-August, and mid-October 2011 (only the October treatment date was used for Study 2). Weather was within labeled strictures for use: the late-June treatment day was partly cloudy with temperature ~27°C, and the ground was wet from recent rain; mid-August treatment weather was ~20°C and humid from a morn- ing rain; late-October treatments occurred with the temperature between 4°C–7°C, with snow occurring on some sites just aſter treatment. Population Characteristics of Untreated and Treated Vines All bittersweet vines ≥1.27 cm in diameter within each plot were measured for lower stem (within 30.5 cm of ground level) diameter with digital cali- pers. Understory oriental bittersweet (seedlings up to vines 1.27 cm diameter) were measured in paired understory quadrats in each plot (one pair in Study 1 plots, and three pairs in Study 2 plots). Quadrats in a plot were located 3 m (edge of field) and 6 m (in- terior in forest) from field edge into the forest along plot center (equidistant from plot edges for Study 2). A 2–3 cm thick stem disc section was taken from each treated vine to determine vine size and age. Each disc was air dried, labeled with indel- ible marker, and catalogued. Discs were surfaced using an electric belt sander fitted with 150-grit paper and then polished using 400-grit sandpa- per. Discs were examined using a 10× dissecting microscope (Wolfe model no. 864158, Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, North Carolina, U.S.). Annual rings were counted in four directions at 90 degrees to each other in order to obtain an average number of rings. The process was repeated three times on each disc, and the average was used to estimate vine age. Measurement of Treatment Effects Each of the ten treated vines in each plot was examined one year (June 2012) and two years (October 2013) after treatment. Mortality of treat-
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