74 Ponce-Donoso et al.: Appraisal Using Twelve Valuation Formulas and Two Appraiser Groups Method’s validity has been questioned because of its subjectivity, which leads to statistically signifi- cant differences (Cullen 2007) and mid-range mon- etary values when compared with other formulas (Contato-Carol et al. 2008; Ponce-Donoso et al. 2012). Further, the CTLA Method showed lower values when compared to other methods, indicat- ing the need to test the different methods outside their country of origin because extreme differences are not always obvious (Watson 2002). Grande- Ortiz et al. (2012) does, however, indicate that the CTLA Method can be widely used because of its low degree of difficulty, thus providing a comparatively good and available method for international use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to ana- lyze the monetary values obtained by the applica- tion of these twelve urban tree assessment formulas. The study was done using eight different apprais- ers with varied backgrounds, separated into two groups. Researchers also used three different cit- ies in central Chile to develop three scenarios. This quantitative approach can be used to develop a single formula for central Chile, since currently eight different formulas are being used in ten municipal courts in this region, resulting in broad and disparate results (Ponce-Donoso et al. 2012). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study analyzed public urban trees in three Chilean cities. The first city was the Municipality of Santiago, located in the Metropolitan Region, with an elevation of 599 m above sea level, with an area of 22.4 km2 ond city was Talca, located in the Maule Region at 102 m above sea level, with an area of 232 km2 , and 200,800 inhabitants. The sec- and 201,800 inhabitants. Finally, the third city consid- ered in the study was Concepción, located in the Bio-Bio Region, 12 m above sea level with an area of 221.6 km2 and 216,100 inhabitants (NCL 2013). Following conventional formula methods, 30 trees were selected, representing a total of 16 tree species (Table 1). The design was based on eight different appraisers, consisting of foresters and agronomists, who were separated into two groups. One group was made up of professional experts with at least five years’ experience (Senior Group, SG), while the other group consisted of profession- als with no experience in tree valuation (Junior Group, JG). All participants received the same ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture Table 1. Characteristics of the appraised trees in Santiago, Talca, and Concepción, Chile. Treez 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Scientific name Melia azedarach L. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Acacia dealbata Link Acer speudoplatanus L. Acer negundo L. Platanus orientalis L. Fraxinus excelsior L. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Acer negundo L. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Ginkgo biloba L. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Quercus robur L. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. Platanus orientalis L. Betula pendula Roth Acacia dealbata Link Quercus robur L. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Acer negundo L. Acer pseudoplatanus L. Fraxinus americana L. Platanus orientalis L. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. Betula pendula Roth Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Age (years) Locationy 30 30 30 40 20 30 50 75 9 35 24 25 111 7 25 60 28 100 12 32 60 45 45 72 40 80 35 20 35 25 MS ST MS MS MS MA MS SQ SS MA MS PK SQ SS MS PK SQ MS MS SS SQ MS SS PK PK MS MS SQ SQ PK z Trees 1 to 10 located in Santiago, 11 to 20 in Talca, and 21 to 30 in Concepción. y MA: Main Avenue; MS: Main Street; SS: Secondary Street; PK: Park; SQ: Square. instructions on the use of tree appraisal formulas, resulting in a total of 1,440 valuation appraisals. The field work was conducted during the south- ern latitude summer months of December 2013 and February 2014, when the trees exhibited the best conditions for appraisal. Both biometric variables and those related to the aesthetic, condition, and location were measured and appraised. Selling prices were collected in local wholesale and retail nurser- ies, as well as annual maintenance costs reported by the Municipality of Talca, and supplemented with information from the Municipalities of Santiago and Concepción. The maintenance cost was calcu- lated based on the annualized costs, including prun- ing, pest control, watering, and others. The price of the species in the nurseries was based on the aver- age prices in both retail and wholesale markets. The formulas analyzed in this study were selected with consideration to the best performance for valuation of a tree within a public-use area in a municipality, as well as by its speed of implemen- tation and calculation, efficiency and effective-
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