76 ing to see whether homeowners were more readily convinced to plant a tree by a canvasser with similar demographics. If so, then carefully matching a can- vasser to a neighborhood might improve success rates in minority neighborhoods. Finally, the results should be applied to other cities with care. Although these findings are consistent with studies conducted in Sacramento and Toronto, to some degree, these results are an artifact of the idiosyncrasies of Portland. LITERATURE CITED Akbari, H., D.M. Kurn, S.E. Bretz, and J.W. Hanford. 1997. Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees. Energy and Buildings 25:139–148. Akbari, H., and H. Taha. 1992. The impact of trees and white sur- faces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four Canadian cities. Energy 17:141–149. Anderson, L., and H.K. Cordell. 1988. Influence of trees on resi- dential property values in Athens Georgia (U.S.A.): A survey based on actual sales prices. Landscape and Urban Planning 15:153–164. City of Phoenix. 2010. Maryvale Village Planning Committee. Accessed on April d5mvpcr.html> 23, 2013. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.C. Stevens. 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 4:155–123. Summit, J., and E.G. McPherson. 1998. Residential tree planting and care: A study of attitudes and behavior in Sacramento, Cali- fornia. Journal of Arboriculture 24:89–96. Szantoi, Z., F. Escobedo, J. Wagner, J. Rodriguez, and S. Smith. 2012. Socioeconomic factors and urban tree cover policies in a sub- tropical urban forest. GIScience and Remote Sensing 49:428–449. Troy, A., and J.M. Grove. 2008. Property values, parks, and crime: A hedonic analysis in Baltimore, MD. Landscape and Urban Plan- ning 87:233–245. Troy, A., J. Morgan Grove, and J. O’Neil-Dunne. 2012. The relation- ship between tree canopy and crime rates across an urban–rural gradient in the greater Baltimore region. Landscape & Urban Planning 106:262–270. Ulrich, R.S. 1984. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science 224:420–421. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Environmental Justice Program and Civil Rights. Accessed on April 23, 2013. Geoffrey H. Donovan (corresponding author) USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station Portland, Oregon, U.S. John Mills USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station Portland, Oregon, U.S. ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture
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