94 Mincey and Vogt: Watering Strategy, Collective Action, and Neighborhood-Planted Trees from the bottom up (neighborhoods) with support and relevant information-sharing from the top (KIB). Thus, the study authors advocate that tree-planting nonprofits working with neighborhoods and home- owner associations share the results of this study and the relevant theory addressed herein with com- munity groups devising their own tree management strategies. The authors conclude that for groups interested in both planted-tree survival and build- ing social capital, collective watering strategies may be most effective. Utilization of some form of signed watering agreement may improve accountability to water and therefore tree growth. Moreover, moni- toring and subsequent sanctioning, even in the form of prodding a neighbor who slacks in watering, appears to be an effective tool for improving both survival and growth of neighborhood-planted trees. These strategies, and those undertaken by nonprofits that offer autonomy and support to neighbor- hoods and community groups, may best set the stage for efficient co-production of urban forests. Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank employees of Keep Indianapolis Beautiful, Inc. for their time and data sup- port related to this research as well as the Efroymson Family Fund for the generous grant that funded this research. The Garden Club of America’s Urban Forestry Fellowship provided additional sup- port for this project to JMV. We also appreciate the administrative support provided by the Center for the Study of Institutions, Popu- lation, and Environmental Change at Indiana University. We are thankful for the time and information provided by the numerous neighborhood representatives we interviewed regarding their expe- riences maintaining NeighborWoods trees. And finally, we appreci- ate the careful reviews of this manuscript by Graham Epstein, the journal editor, and anonymous reviewers. LITERATURE CITED ACTrees (Alliance for Community Trees). 2012. Alliance for Com- munity Trees. Accessed 10/07/2012. Adger, W. 2003. Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Economic Geography 79(4):387–404. Appleyard, H.S. 2000. A strategy to establish trees among high- density housing. Journal of Arboriculture 26(2):78–86. Banana, A.Y., and W. Gombya-Ssembajjwe. 2000. Successful forest management: The importance of security of tenure and rule en- forcement in Ugandan Forests. pp. 87–98. In: C.C. Gibson, M.A. McKean, and E. Ostrom (Eds.). People and Forests: Communi- ties, Institutions, and Governance. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Cox, M., G. Arnold, and S. Villamayor Tomás. 2010. A review of design principles for community-based natural resource management. Ecology and Society 15(4):38. Elmendorf, W. 2008. The importance of trees and nature in com- munity: A review of the relative literature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 24(3):152–156. ©2014 International Society of Arboriculture Gibson, C., J.T. Williams, and E. Ostrom. 2005. Local enforcement and better forests. World Development 33(2):273–284. Gilman, E.F. 2004. Effects of amendments, soil additives, and irrigation on tree survival and growth. Journal of Arboriculture 30(5):301–310. Holling, C.S. 1995. What barriers? What bridges? pp. 3–36. In: L.H. Gunderson, C.S. Holling, and S.S. Light (Eds.). Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, U.S. IUFRO (International Union of Forest Research Organizations), International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), United States Forest Service (USFS), and Urban Natural Resources Institute (UNRI). 2010. Standards for Urban Forestry Data Collection: A Field Guide, Draſt 2.0. Urban Natural Resources Institute. 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