Table of Contents P. Eric Wiseman and Christina Wells SOIL INOCULUM POTENTIAL AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION OF ACER RUBRUM IN FORESTED AND DEVELOPED LANDSCAPES ........................................ 296 Abstract. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic relationship with numerous landscape tree species and can improve tree growth and environmental stress tolerance. Constructionrelated soil disturbance is thought to diminish AMF colonization of transplanted trees in newly developed landscapes. We gathered root, soil, and foliar data from red maples (Acer rubrum) growing in newly developed landscape sites and adjacent native forest sites to test two independent hypotheses: (1) landscape trees show lower levels of AMF colonization than forest trees, and (2) the AMF inoculum potential of landscape soils is lower than that of forest soils. Fine roots sampled from landscape maples had significantly lower AMF colonization than maples from adjacent forest sites (3% versus 22%). However, soil–sand mixtures made from landscape soils po sessed greater AMF inoculum potential than those made from forest soils (10% versus 4%). Forest soils were more acidic and possessed less extractable P than landscape soils, and differences in AMF colonization between field and landscape maples appeared to reflect differences in soil chemical properties rather than in inoculum potential. The results of this study suggest that not all disturbed landscape soils are deficient in AMF propagules. Key Words. Acer rubrum; Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi; Mycorrhizae; Red Maple; Soil Acidity; Soil Disturbance. E. Gregory McPherson and Jules Muchnick EFFECTS OF STREET TREE SHADE ON ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................... 303 Abstract. Forty-eight street segments were paired into 24 highand low-shade pairs in Modesto, California, U.S. Field data were collected to calc late a Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and Tree Shade Index (TSI) for each segment. Statistical analyses found that greater PCI was associated with greater TSI, indicating that tree shade was partially responsible for reduced pavement fatigue cracking, rutting, shoving, and other distress. Using observed relations between PCI and TSI, an unshaded street segment required 6 slurry seals over 30 years, while an identical one planted with 12 crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica, 4.4 m [14 ſt] crown diameter) required 5 slurry seals, and one with 6 Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis, 13.7 m [45 ſt] crown diameter) required 2.5 slurry seals. Shade from the large hackberries was projected to save $7.13/m2 ($0.66/ſt2 Key Words. Avoided Repaving Costs; Pavement Distress; Tree Benefits; Urban Heat Island. William F. Elmendorf, Fern K. Willits, and Vivod Sasidharan URBAN PARK AND FOREST PARTICIPATION AND LANDSCAPE PREFERENCE: A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE .............................................................311 Abstract. Blacks and Whites are important users of urban parks and forests, and race continues to be an important factor in urban park and fo est participation and landscape preference. African Americans, more than Whites, prefer developed facilities and services; Whites more likely than Blacks prefer undeveloped and more nature-based settings. It is also reasonable to assume that racial discrimination can exist in the landscapes of urban parks and forests and affect decision making and participation. Urban forests and parks can be planned, managed, and maintained to foster diversity of racial and ethnic participation and relationships much in the same way they can foster biological diversity among flora and fauna. Today, it is vital for urban foresters and arborists to understand and respond to differences in the participations and expectations of these diverse users. Key Words. African Americans; Attitudes; Behavior; Blacks; Discrimination; Ethnic; Landscapes; Marginality; Minority; Participation; Prefer- ences; Urban Parks and Forests; Race; Subculture; Whites. William F. Elmendorf, Fern K. Willits, and Vivod Sasidharan and Geoffrey Godbey URBAN PARK AND FOREST PARTICIPATION AND LANDSCAPE PREFERENCE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES IN PHILADELPHIA AND ATLANTA, U.S. .............................. 318 Abstract. Previous research has documented the existence of differences in the attitudes and behaviors of Blacks and Whites in American society toward urban parks and forest areas. However, many of these studies were carried out a decade or more ago and/or most focused on specific parks or localized areas. Data from a recent survey of residents in two metropolitan areas in the eastern United States allowed for updating of this research record. Using analysis of variance and covariance, consideration was given to racial differences between Blacks and Whites, regional differences between cities, and the effects of various socio-demographic characteristics on residents’ park preferences and participation. Racial differences were similar to those reported by previous researchers, and these differences did not vary markedly between the two metropolitan study sites. These distinc- tions, combined with racial differences in subjects’ expressed willingness to volu teer time to develop/maintain local park settings, suggest the impor- tance of understanding the differing perspectives and actions of multi ethnic user groups in urban park and forest management and maintenance. Key Words. African American; Discrimination; Ethnic; Landscapes; Mail Survey; Marginality; Minority; Race; Subculture. ) over the 30-year period compared to the unshaded street. ©2005 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
November 2005
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