Journal of Arboriculture 31(6): November 2005 315 thinning, tree removals); and management alternatives (hiring practices, internship programs, youth employment programs, docent programs, and education and outreach programs) affect the degree of participation and landscape preferences of racial groups. As Goodale and Godbey (1995) said, “What is not needed, in terms of parks, is more of what exists. It is not enough for park and landscape managers to merely mea- sure what they are currently doing, make population projections into the future, and provide more of the same.” The needs and desires of a growing diverse population must be better understood and considered to manage and maintain urban parks and forests. LITERATURE CITED Adams, C., and J. Thomas. 1989. Public uses of Texas wildlife and natural areas. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. The Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Anderson, E. 1978. Visual resource assessment: Local perceptions of familiar natural environments. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Blahna, D., and K. Black. 1993. Racism: A concern for recreation managers, pp. 111–118. In Gobster, P. (Ed.). Managing Urban and High-Use Recreation Settings. General Technical Report NC-163. USDA Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. Cordell, H., C. Betz, and G. Green. 2002. Recreation and the environment as cultural dimensions in contemporary American society. Leisure Sci. 24:13–41. Dwyer, J. 1993. Outdoor recreation participation: An update on Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Asians in Illinois, pp. 1911–1211. In Gobster, P. (Ed.). Managing Urban and High-Use Recreation Settings. General Technical Report NC-163. USDA Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. ———. 1994. Customer Diversity and the Future Demand for Outdoor Recreation. General Technical Report RM- 252. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Dwyer, J., and R. Hutchison. 1990. Outdoor recreation participation and preferences by Black and White Chicago households, pp. 49–67. In Vining, J. (Ed.). Social Science and Natural Resource Recreation Management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Edwards, P. 1981. Race, residence and leisure style: Some policy implications. Leisure Sci. 4:95–112. Feagin, J. 1989. Racial and Ethnic Relations (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Floyd, M. 1998. Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research. J. Leisure Res. 30:3–22. ———. 1999. Social Science Research Review: Race, Ethnicity, and Use of National Park System. National Park Service, Washington, DC. Floyd, M., and J. Gramann. 1993. Effects of acculturation and structural assimilation in resource-based recreation: The case of Mexican Americans. J. Leisure Res. 25:6–21. Floyd, M., and C. Johnson. 2002. Coming to terms with environmental justice in outdoor recreation: A conceptual discussion with research implications. Leisure Sci. 24:59–77. Floyd, M., K. Shinew, F. McGuire, and F. Noe. 1994. Race, class, and leisure activity preferences: Marginality and ethnicity revisited. J. Leisure Res. 26:158–173. Floyd, M., C. Outley, R. Bixler, and W. Hammitt. 1995. Effect of race, environmental preference and negative affect on recreation preferences, pp. 88. Abstracts from the 1995 National Recreation and Park Association Symposium on Leisure Research. National Recreation and Park Association, Arlington, VA. Gobster, P. 2002. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leisure Sci. 24:143–159. Gobster, P., and A. Delgado. 1993. Ethnicity and recreation use in Chicago’s Lincoln Park, pp. 75–81. In Gobster, P. (Ed.). Managing Urban and High-Use Recreation Settings. General Technical Report NC-163. USDA Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. Goodale, T., and G. Godbey. 1995. The Evolution of Leisure: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. Venture Publishing, State College, PA. Gramann, J. 1996. Ethnicity, race, and outdoor recreation: A review of trends, policy, and research. Miscellaneous Paper R-96-1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS. Hartmann, L., and C. Overdevest. 1990. Race, ethnicity, and outdoor recreation participation: A state-of-the- knowledge review and theoretical perspective. In Karen, Z. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 1989 Southeastern Recreation Research Conference. University of Georgia Institute for Behavioral Research, Athens, GA. Henderson, K., and B. Ainsworth. 2001. Researching leisure and physical activity with women of color: Issues and emerging questions. Leisure Sci. 23:21–34. Johnson, C., M. Bowker, K. English, and D. Worthen. 1998. Wildland recreation in the rural south: An examination of marginality and ethnicity theory. J. Leisure Res. 30:101–120. Johnston, M., and L. Shimada. 2004. Urban forestry in a multicultural society. J. Arboric. 30(3):185–196. Kaplan, R., and J. Talbot. 1988. Ethnicity and preference for natural settings: A review and recent findings. Landsc. Urban Plann. 15:107–117. Kornblum, W. 1983. Racial and cultural groups on the beach. Ethnic Groups 5:109–124. ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture
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