Journal of Arboriculture 31(6): November 2005 325 vital for urban foresters and arborists to understand and respond to differences in participation and the expectations of diverse users. Furthermore, urban foresters and arborists should be aware of and consider the spirit of volunteerism that African Americans have and continue to exhibit in their neighborhoods and communities. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, E. 1978. Visual resource assessment: Local perceptions of familiar natural environments. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Cordell, H., C. Betz, and G. Green. 2002. Recreation and the environment as cultural dimensions in contemporary American society. Leisure Sci. 24:13–41. Dwyer, J. 1993. Outdoor recreation participation: An update on Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Asians in Illinois, pp. 1911–1211. In Gobster, P. (Ed.). Managing Urban and High-Use Recreation Settings. General Technical Report NC-163. USDA Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. Dwyer, J., and R. Hutchison. 1990. Outdoor recreation participation and preferences by Black and White Chicago households, pp. 49–67. In Vining, J. (Ed.). Social Science and Natural Resource Recreation Management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Edwards, P. 1981. Race, residence and leisure style: Some policy implications. Leisure Sci. 4:95–112. Elmendorf, W.F., and F.K. Willits. 2005. Urban park and forest participation and landscape preference: A review of the relevant literature. J. Arboric. 31(6):311–317. Floyd, M. 1998. Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research. J. Leisure Res. 30:3–22. ———. 1999. Social Science Research Review: Race, Ethnicity, and Use of National Park System. National Park Service, Washington, DC. Floyd, M., and K. Shinew. 1999. Convergence and divergence in leisure style among Whites and African Americans: Toward an Interracial Contact Hypothesis. J. Leisure Res. 31(4):359–384. Floyd, M., K. Shinew, F. McGuire, and F. Noe. 1994. Race, class, and leisure activity preferences: Marginality and ethnicity revisited. J. Leisure Res. 26:158–173. Gobster, P. 2002. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leisure Sci. 24:143–159. Gobster, P., and A. Delgado. 1993. Ethnicity and recreation use in Chicago’s Lincoln Park, pp. 75–81. In Gobster, P. (Ed.). Managing Urban and High-Use Recreation Settings. General Technical Report NC-163. USDA Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. Hutchison, R. 1994. Women and the elderly in Chicago’s public parks. Leisure Sci. 16:229–247. Johnson, C., M. Bowker, K. English, and D. Worthen. 1998. Wildland recreation in the rural south: An examination of marginality and ethnicity theory. J. Leisure Res. 30:101–120. Kaplan, R., and J. Talbot. 1988. Ethnicity and preference for natural settings: A review and recent findings. Landsc. Urban Plann. 15:107–117. Lee, R. 1972. The social definition of outdoor recreation places, pp. 68–84. In Burch, W., N. Cheek, and L. Taylor (Eds.). Social Behavior, Natural Resources, and Environment. Harper and Row, New York, NY. Sasidharan, V. 2001. The urban recreation experience: An examination of multicultural differences in park and forest visitation characteristics. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Shinew, K., M. Floyd, and D. Parry. 2004. Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring and alternative framework. Leisure Sci. 26(2):181–199. Virden, R., and J. Walker. 1999. Ethnic/racial and gender variations among meanings given to, and preferences for, the natural environment. Leisure Sci. 21:219–239. Washburne, R. 1978. Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Sci. 1:175– 189. Zube, E. and D. Pitt. 1981. Cross-cultural perceptions of scenic and heritage landscapes. Landscape Planning. 69-87. 1* Assistant Professor of Community Forestry Penn State School of Forest Resources 108 Ferguson Building University Park, PA 16802, U.S. 2 Distinguished Professor of Rural Sociology Penn State Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology 3 Assistant Professor of Leisure Studies San Diego State University 4 Professor of Leisure Studies Penn State Leisure Studies Program *Corresponding author. ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture
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